China: Emperor Jianwen, 2nd ruler of the Ming Dynasty (r. 1398-1402).

Emperor Jianwen, 2nd ruler of the Ming Dynasty (r. 1398-1402). Personal Name: Zhu Yunwen, Zhū Yǔnwén. Posthumous Name: Huidi, Huìdì. Temple Name: None. Reign Name: Ming Jianwen, Ming Jiànwén.

The Jianwen Emperor reigned as the second Emperor of the Ming dynasty. His reign name, Jianwen, means 'Establishment of civil virtue'. The Jianwen reign was short (1398–1402). After he assumed the throne, the Jianwen Emperor began to suppress feudal lords, which included his uncle Zhu Di. Feeling threatened, in 1399 Zhu Di raised an army and began to march toward Nanjing from his northern base in Beijing under the banner of the Jingnan campaign. In 1402, Zhu Di's army finally reached Nanjing and, after a brief fight, Zhu Di usurped the Jianwen Emperor's throne and was crowned as the Yongle Emperor. To avoid capture, Jianwen and his concubines were said to have died in a fire at the palace during the coup. Jianwen was advised by a group of scholars, later known as the Four Martyrs that were killed by Yongle. There is no known grave of the Jianwen Emperor.

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