Turkey/ Middle East: Arab astronomers use an astrolabe and a cross-staff to try to determine latitude in an observatory in Constantinople.

The period from the mid-8th century to the mid-13th century is considered the Islamic Golden Age. It was a time when Arabs and Muslims made great strides in the fields of science, engineering, education, poetry, philosophy, geography, trade, agriculture, the arts, economics, industry, law, literature, navigation, philosophy, sociology and technology. In the Islamic world, astronomy was studied fastidiously to calculate the direction of the Qibla and to fix the times for Salah, Muslim prayers, as well as to aid sailors and navigators.

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