China: 'The Real Barbarian from China', British satirical cartoon on European imperialism in China, 1861

'The Real Barbarian', by Edward Linley Sambourne, Illustrated London News, 5 January, 1861.

Several documents known as the 'Treaty of Tien-tsin' were signed in Tianjin (Tientsin) in June 1858, ending the first part of the Second Opium War (1856–1860). The Second French Empire, United Kingdom, Russian Empire, and the United States were the parties involved. These treaties opened more Chinese ports (see Treaty of Nanking) to the foreigners, permitted foreign legations in the Chinese capital Beijing, allow Christian missionary activity, and legalized the import of opium.

In addition, China was to pay an indemnity to Britain and France of 2 million taels of silver respectively, and compensation to British merchants of 3 million taels of silver.

The treaty was ratified by the Emperor of China in the Convention of Peking in 1860, after the end of the war.

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