Germany: Holy Roman Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa (r.1155-1190) represented in a manuscript from 1188, Vatican Library

Frederick I Barbarossa (1122 – 10 June 1190) was a German Holy Roman Emperor. He was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March 1152. He became King of Italy in 1155 and was finally crowned Roman Emperor by Pope Adrian IV on 18 June 1155.

Two years later, the term 'sacrum' (i.e. 'holy') first appeared in a document in connection with his Empire. He was then also formally crowned King of Burgundy at Arles on 30 June 1178. He got the name Barbarossa from the northern Italian cities he attempted to rule. Barbarossa is 'red beard' in Italian—a mark of both their fear and respect. In German, he was known as Kaiser Rotbart which has the same meaning.

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