France: The philosopher and historian Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859), caricature by Honore Daumier (1808-1879), 1849

Alexis-Charles-Henri Clerel de Tocqueville (29 July 1805 – 16 April 1859) was a French political thinker and historian best known for his works Democracy in America (appearing in two volumes: 1835 and 1840) and The Old Regime and the Revolution (1856). In both of these, he analyzed the improved living standards and social conditions of individuals, as well as their relationship to the market and state in Western societies.

Democracy in America was published after Tocqueville's travels in the United States, and is today considered an early work of sociology and political science.

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