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China: The Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908) accompanied by female attendants in a snowy palace garden, c. 1905

China: The Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908) accompanied by female attendants in a snowy palace garden, c. 1905

Empress Dowager Cixi (Wade–Giles: Tz'u-Hsi, 29 November 1835 – 15 November 1908) of the Manchu Yehe Nara Clan, was a powerful and charismatic figure who became the de facto ruler of the Manchu Qing Dynasty in China for 47 years from 1861 to her death in 1908.