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Born in Oosterhout in 1857, Hurgronje became a theology student at Leiden University in 1874. He received his doctorate at Leiden in 1880 with his dissertation ‘Het Mekkaansche Feest’ ('The Festivities of Mecca'). He became a professor at the Leiden School for Colonial Civil Servants in 1881.<br/><br/> Snouck, who was fluent in Arabic, through mediation with the Ottoman governor in Jeddah, was examined by a delegation of scholars from Mecca in 1884 and upon successfully completing the examination made the pilgrimage to Mecca posing as a Muslim convert.<br/><br/> In 1889 he became professor of Malay at Leiden University and official advisor to the Dutch government on colonial affairs. He wrote more than 1,400 papers on the situation in Aceh and the position of Islam in the Dutch East Indies, as well as on the colonial civil service and nationalism.<br/><br/> As the adviser of J. B. van Heutsz, he took an active role in the final part (1898–1905) of the Aceh War (1873–1914). He used his knowledge of Islamic culture to devise strategies which significantly helped crush the resistance of the Aceh inhabitants and impose Dutch colonial rule on them, ending a 40 year war with varying casualty estimates of between 50,000 and 100,000 inhabitants dead and about a million wounded.<br/><br/> He returned to the Netherlands in 1906. Back in Leiden, Snouck continued a successful academic career.

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