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Frederick II (1194-1250) was the son of Emperor Henry VI, and was only an infant when crowned King of Sicily by his mother in 1198. When his mother died the same year, he was given to Pope Innocent III, who became his guardian.<br/><br/> When Frederick came of age in 1208, he asserted his power over Sicily. Emperor Otto IV invaded Italy in 1209, hoping to conquer Sicily and bring Frederick to heel, but in 1211, Frederick was elected in absentia as King of Germany by various imperial princes fed up with Otto's rule. Frederick entered Germany with a small army and was formally crowned King of Germany in 1212. He became undisputed ruler in 1215 after Otto's abdication, and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1220.<br/><br/> Frederick fought often with the papacy, and was excommunicated four times, even once being called an Antichrist. He became King of Jerusalem in 1225 through the Sixth Crusade, marrying Yolande of Jerusalem, heiress to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Frederick spoke six languages and was an avid patron of science and the arts, as well as a religious sceptic. He was the first king to explicitly outlaw trials by ordeal, considering them irrational. He fell ill and died peacefully in 1250, the Hohenstaufen dynasty perishing very soon afterwards.
Frederick II (1194-1250) was the son of Emperor Henry VI, and was only an infant when crowned King of Sicily by his mother in 1198. When his mother died the same year, he was given to Pope Innocent III, who became his guardian.<br/><br/> When Frederick came of age in 1208, he asserted his power over Sicily. Emperor Otto IV invaded Italy in 1209, hoping to conquer Sicily and bring Frederick to heel, but in 1211, Frederick was elected in absentia as King of Germany by various imperial princes fed up with Otto's rule. Frederick entered Germany with a small army and was formally crowned King of Germany in 1212. He became undisputed ruler in 1215 after Otto's abdication, and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1220.<br/><br/> Frederick fought often with the papacy, and was excommunicated four times, even once being called an Antichrist. He became King of Jerusalem in 1225 through the Sixth Crusade, marrying Yolande of Jerusalem, heiress to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Frederick spoke six languages and was an avid patron of science and the arts, as well as a religious sceptic. He was the first king to explicitly outlaw trials by ordeal, considering them irrational. He fell ill and died peacefully in 1250, the Hohenstaufen dynasty perishing very soon afterwards.
Frederick II (1194-1250) was the son of Emperor Henry VI, and was only an infant when crowned King of Sicily by his mother in 1198. When his mother died the same year, he was given to Pope Innocent III, who became his guardian.<br/><br/> When Frederick came of age in 1208, he asserted his power over Sicily. Emperor Otto IV invaded Italy in 1209, hoping to conquer Sicily and bring Frederick to heel, but in 1211, Frederick was elected in absentia as King of Germany by various imperial princes fed up with Otto's rule. Frederick entered Germany with a small army and was formally crowned King of Germany in 1212. He became undisputed ruler in 1215 after Otto's abdication, and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1220.<br/><br/> Frederick fought often with the papacy, and was excommunicated four times, even once being called an Antichrist. He became King of Jerusalem in 1225 through the Sixth Crusade, marrying Yolande of Jerusalem, heiress to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Frederick spoke six languages and was an avid patron of science and the arts, as well as a religious sceptic. He was the first king to explicitly outlaw trials by ordeal, considering them irrational. He fell ill and died peacefully in 1250, the Hohenstaufen dynasty perishing very soon afterwards.
Noah's Ark ( Biblical Hebrew: Tevat Noaḥ) is the vessel in the Genesis flood narrative (Genesis chapters 6–9) by which God spares Noah, his family, and a remnant of all the world's animals from the flood.<br/><br/> According to Genesis, God gave Noah instructions for building the ark. Seven days before the deluge, God told Noah to enter the ark with his household and the animals. The story goes on to describe the ark being afloat for 150 days and then coming to rest on the Mountains of Ararat and the subsequent receding of the waters. The story is repeated, with variations, in the Quran.
Noah's Ark ( Biblical Hebrew: Tevat Noaḥ) is the vessel in the Genesis flood narrative (Genesis chapters 6–9) by which God spares Noah, his family, and a remnant of all the world's animals from the flood.<br/><br/> According to Genesis, God gave Noah instructions for building the ark. Seven days before the deluge, God told Noah to enter the ark with his household and the animals. The story goes on to describe the ark being afloat for 150 days and then coming to rest on the Mountains of Ararat and the subsequent receding of the waters. The story is repeated, with variations, in the Quran.
Turanshah, also Turan Shah (? – 2 May 1250), (epithet: al-Malik al-Muazzam Ghayath al-Din Turanshah) was a Kurdish ruler of Egypt, a son of Sultan As-Salih Ayyub. A member of Ayyubid Dynasty, he became Sultan of Egypt for a brief period in 1249–50.<br/><br/> On 28 Muharram 648 / 2 May 1250, Turanshah gave a great banquet. At the end of the feast, Baibars and a group of Mamluk soldiers rushed in and tried to kill him. Turanshah was injured, as apparently a sword blow had split his hand open. Wounded, he managed to escape to a tower next to the Nile River. The Mamluks pursued him and set the tower on fire. He was forced down by the flames tried to run for the river, but was struck in the ribs by a spear.<br/><br/> He fled into the river, trailing the spear. His pursuers stood on the banks and shot at him with arrows, even as he begged for his life, offering to abdicate. Unable to kill him from the shore, Baibars himself waded out into the water and hacked the Sultan to death.
The Story of the Western Wing or <i>Xixixiang Ji</i>, also translated as Romance of the Western Chamber, is one of the most famous Chinese dramatic works. It was written by the Yuan dynasty playwright Wang Shifu, and set during the Tang dynasty (618-907).<br/><br/> it is the story of a young couple consummating their love without parental approval, and has been seen both as a 'lover's bible' and 'potentially dangerous', as readers were considered in danger of pining away under its influence.
The Mamluk Sultanate was a medieval realm spanning Egypt, the Levant, and Hejaz. It lasted from the overthrow of the Ayyubid Dynasty until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. Historians have traditionally broken the era of Mamluk rule into two period, one covering 1250–1382, the other, 1382–1517.<br/><br/> Western historians call the former the 'Bahri' period and the latter the 'Burji' due to the political dominance of the regimes known by these names during the respective eras. Contemporary Muslim historians refer to the same divisions as the 'Turkish' and 'Circassian' periods in order to emphasize the change in ethnic origin of the Mamluk rulers.
Abu Yahya Zakariya' ibn Muhammad al-Qazwini (born 1203 - died 1283), was a Persian physician, astronomer, geographer and proto-science fiction writer.<br/><br/> Born in the Persian town of Qazvin, he was descended from Anas ibn Malik, Zakariya' ibn Muhammad al-Qazwini served as legal expert and judge (qadhi) in several localities in Persia and at Baghdad. He travelled around in Mesopotamia and Syria, and finally entered the circle patronized by the governor of Baghdad, ‘Ata-Malik Juwayni (d. 1283 CE).
The Torah (Hebrew: 'Instruction, Teaching'), or the Pentateuch, is the central reference of the religious Judaic tradition. It has a range of meanings. It can most specifically mean the first five books of the twenty-four books of the Tanakh, and it usually includes the <i>perushim</i> (rabbinic commentaries).
Abu Yahya Zakariya' ibn Muhammad al-Qazwini (born 1203 - died 1283), was a Persian physician, astronomer, geographer and proto-science fiction writer.<br/><br/> Born in the Persian town of Qazvin, he was descended from Anas ibn Malik, Zakariya' ibn Muhammad al-Qazwini served as legal expert and judge (qadhi) in several localities in Persia and at Baghdad. He travelled around in Mesopotamia and Syria, and finally entered the circle patronized by the governor of Baghdad, ‘Ata-Malik Juwayni (d. 1283 CE).
Miniature painting from an illuminated manuscript page (c. 1250) of the Abbasid period, depicting a fanciful representation of the archer associated with Sagittarius positioned between the moon and Jupiter, reflects the interest in astrological science that thrived In Islamic civilization from the 8th to the 13th century.<br/><br/> Scientific treatises constituted a large part of the manuscript tradition of the Abbasid period.
Muhammad ibn Zakariyā Rāzī (Mohammad-e Zakariā-ye Rāzi: Persian: محمد زکریای رازی), known as Rhazes or Rasis after medieval Latinists, (August 26, 865 – 925) was a Persian polymath, physician, alchemist and chemist, philosopher, and scholar.<br/><br/> Numerous 'firsts' in medical research, clinical care, and chemistry are attributed to him, including being the first to differentiate smallpox from measles, and the discovery of numerous compounds and chemicals including kerosene, among others.<br/><br/> Razi made fundamental and enduring contributions to the fields of medicine, alchemy, music, and philosophy, recorded in over 200 books and articles in various fields of science. He was well-versed in Persian, Greek and Indian medical knowledge and made numerous advances in medicine through his own observations and discoveries.<br/><br/> Educated in music, mathematics, philosophy, and metaphysics, he chose medicine as his professional field. As a physician, he was an early proponent of experimental medicine and has been described as the father of pediatrics. He was also a pioneer of ophthalmology. He was among the first to use Humoralism to distinguish one contagious disease from another. In particular, Razi was the first physician to distinguish between smallpox and measles through his clinical characterization of the two diseases.