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Initiated around 1470-1475, the illumination of the <i>Book of Hours of Luis de Laval</i> was taken up again and continued between 1485 and 1489.<br/><br/> Luis de Laval, Lord of Chatillon, bequeathed the book to Anne de France, Duchess of Bourbon. Later on, it became part of the royal collections immediately after the assets of the Constable of Bourbon were confiscated.<br/><br/> Circumcision was enjoined upon the biblical patriarch Abraham, his descendants and their slaves as 'a token of the covenant' concluded with him by God for all generations, as an 'everlasting covenant'.<br/><br/> Sahih al-Bukhari and ibn Muslim quote from the Prophet Muhammad that the Prophet Abraham performed his own circumcision at the age of eighty.
Tang Yin was a Chinese scholar, painter, calligrapher, and poet of the Ming dynasty period whose life story has become a part of popular lore. Even though he was born during the Ming dynasty, many of his paintings (especially paintings of people) were illustrated with elements from Pre-Tang to Song dynasty times.<br/><br/> Tang Yin is one of the most notable painters in Chinese art history. He is one of the 'Four Masters of Ming dynasty' (Ming Si Jia), which also includes Shen Zhou (1427–1509), Wen Zhengming (1470–1559) and Qiu Ying (ca. 1495-1552). Tang was also a talented poet.
The Peasants' Revolt, also called Wat Tyler's Rebellion or the Great Rising, was a major uprising across large parts of England in 1381. The revolt had various causes, including the socio-economic and political tensions generated by the Black Death in the 1340s, the high taxes resulting from the conflict with France during the Hundred Years' War, and instability within the local leadership of London. The final trigger for the revolt was the intervention of a royal official, John Bampton, in Essex on 30 May 1381. His attempts to collect unpaid poll taxes in Brentwood ended in a violent confrontation, which rapidly spread across the south-east of the country.<br/><br/> Unrest continued until the intervention of Henry le Despenser, who defeated a rebel army at the Battle of North Walsham on 25 or 26 June. Troubles extended north to York, Beverley and Scarborough, and as far west as Bridgwater in Somerset. Richard II mobilised 4,000 soldiers to restore order. Most of the rebel leaders were tracked down and executed; by November, at least 1,500 rebels had been killed.
Petrus Christus (c. 1410/1420 – 1475/1476) was an Early Netherlandish painter active in Bruges from 1444, where, along with Hans Memling, he became the leading painter after the death of Jan van Eyck.<br/><br/> He was influenced by van Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden and is noted for his innovations with linear perspective and a meticulous technique which seems derived from miniatures and manuscript illumination.<br/><br/> This painting is currently in the Gemaldegalerie, Berlin, Germany.
Thought to be a portrait of Lucrezia Borgia (1480–1519), the daughter of Pope Alexander VI and Vannozza dei Cattanei.
The Peasants' Revolt, also called Wat Tyler's Rebellion or the Great Rising, was a major uprising across large parts of England in 1381. The revolt had various causes, including the socio-economic and political tensions generated by the Black Death in the 1340s, the high taxes resulting from the conflict with France during the Hundred Years' War, and instability within the local leadership of London. The final trigger for the revolt was the intervention of a royal official, John Bampton, in Essex on 30 May 1381. His attempts to collect unpaid poll taxes in Brentwood ended in a violent confrontation, which rapidly spread across the south-east of the country.<br/><br/> Unrest continued until the intervention of Henry le Despenser, who defeated a rebel army at the Battle of North Walsham on 25 or 26 June. Troubles extended north to York, Beverley and Scarborough, and as far west as Bridgwater in Somerset. Richard II mobilised 4,000 soldiers to restore order. Most of the rebel leaders were tracked down and executed; by November, at least 1,500 rebels had been killed.
Tang Yin was a Chinese scholar, painter, calligrapher, and poet of the Ming dynasty period whose life story has become a part of popular lore. Even though he was born during the Ming dynasty, many of his paintings (especially paintings of people) were illustrated with elements from Pre-Tang to Song dynasty times.<br/><br/> Tang Yin is one of the most notable painters in Chinese art history. He is one of the 'Four Masters of Ming dynasty' (Ming Si Jia), which also includes Shen Zhou (1427–1509), Wen Zhengming (1470–1559) and Qiu Ying (ca. 1495-1552). Tang was also a talented poet.
Piri Reis (full name Hajı Ahmed Muhiddin Piri; Reis was a Turkish military rank equivalent to that of captain) was an Ottoman admiral, geographer and cartographer born between 1465 and 1470 and died in 1554 or 1555.<br/><br/> He is primarily known today for his maps and charts collected in his Kitab-ı Bahriye (Book of Navigation), a book which contains detailed information on navigation, as well as very accurate charts (for its time) describing the important ports and cities of the Mediterranean Sea. He gained fame as a cartographer when a small part of his first world map (prepared in 1513) was discovered in 1929 at the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul. His world map is the oldest known Turkish atlas showing the New World, and one of the oldest maps of America still in existence in the world (the oldest known map of America that is still in existence is the map drawn by Juan de la Cosa in 1500, which is conserved in the Naval Museum (Museo Naval) of Madrid, Spain). Piri Reis' map is centered on the Sahara at the latitude of the Tropic of Cancer.<br/><br/> In 1528 Piri Reis drew a second world map, of which a small fragment (showing Greenland and North America from Labrador and Newfoundland in the north to Florida, Cuba and parts of Central America in the south) still survives. According to his imprinting text, he had drawn his maps using about twenty foreign charts and mappae mundi (Arab, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Indian and Greek) including one of Christopher Columbus.
In this famous scene from the New Testament of the Christian Bible, Jesus Christ is crucified.<br/><br/> He is nailed to a cross inscribed with the initials ‘INRI’—Iesus Nazerenus, Rex Iudaeorum’, meaning ‘Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews’—signifying the Romans’ ridicule of Him.<br/><br/> Angels fly nearby, collecting Jesus’ blood in their goblets. At the foot of the cross, richly dressed and with a halo around her flowing golden hair, Mary Magdalene prays. She has brought a jar of ointment for Christ’s wounds. Behind her, the Virgin Mary, Christs’ mother, is comforted by the Apostle John. On the right, St. Veronica holds up the cloth she used to wipe the face of Jesus as he walked up to Calvary up the road to Golgotha. An imprint of his face remains. This is the famed Shroud of Turin. Other biblical scenes, such as Gethsemane, are portrayed in the background. In the distance stands Jerusalem.
João I of Kongo, alias Nzinga a Nkuwu or Nkuwu Nzinga, was ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo between 1470-1506. He was baptized as João in 3 May 1491 by Portuguese missionaries. Initially, only the king and his nobles were to be converted, but the queen demanded to be baptised. Kongo's royal family took the names of their Portuguese counterparts, thus João, Eleanor (or Leanor in some instances) and Afonso. A thousand subjects were detailed to help the Portuguese carpenters build a church, meanwhile the Portuguese soldiers accompanied the king in a campaign to defend the province of Nsundi from BaTeke raiders. The European firearms were decisive in the victory and many captives were taken. Most of the Portuguese later departed with slaves and ivory while leaving behind priests and craftsmen. After this cultural honeymoon, the king's profession of the Catholic faith proved short lived. His life ended in 1506. He was succeeded by his son via the Queen, Afonso I.
The Honil Gangni Yeokdae Gukdo Ji Do ('Map of Integrated Lands and Regions of Historical Countries and Capitals'), often abbreviated as Kangnido, is a world map created in Korea (ca. 1470), produced by Yi Hoe and Kwon Kun, premised about a similar map that was introduced to Korea from Japan in 1402.<br/><br/> The Kangnido is one of the oldest surviving world maps from East Asia, along with the Chinese Da Ming Hun Yi Tu (ca. 1398). It is one of the most important materials for reconstructing the lost 14th-century original by the Chinese. As a world map, it reflects the geographic knowledge of China during the Mongol Empire when geographical information about Western countries became available via Islamic geographers.<br/><br/> It depicts the general form of the Old World, from Africa and Europe in the west to Japan in the east. Although, overall, it is less geographically accurate than its Chinese cousin, most obviously in the depiction of rivers and small islands, it does feature some improvements (particularly the depictions of Korea and Japan, and a less cramped version of Africa).
Mamluk (Arabic: مملوك mamluk (singular), مماليك mamālīk (plural)), 'owned'; also transliterated Mamlouk, Turkish: Memlük, also called Kölemen; , Mamluq, Mamluke, Mameluk, Mameluke, Mamaluke or Marmeluke.<br/><br/> A soldier of slave origin, predominantly Cuman or Kipchak and later Circassian and Georgian. The 'Mamluk phenomenon', as David Ayalon dubbed the creation of the specific warrior class, was of great political importance and was extraordinarily long-lived, lasting from the 9th to the 19th century CE. Over time, Mamluks became a powerful military caste in various Muslim societies. Particularly in Egypt, but also in the Levant, Iraq, and India, Mamluks held political and military power.<br/><br/> In some cases, they attained the rank of sultan, while in others they held regional power as amirs or beys. Most notably, Mamluk factions seized the sultanate for themselves in Egypt and Syria in a period known as the Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517). The Mamluk Sultanate famously beat back the Mongols at the Battle of Ayn Jalut and fought the Crusaders effectively driving them out from the Levant by 1291 and officially in 1302 ending the era of the Crusades.<br/><br/> They were predominantly drawn from Turkic tribes, the Cumans and Kipchaks, depending on the period and region in question. While Mamluks were purchased, their status was above ordinary slaves, who were not allowed to carry weapons or perform certain tasks. In places such as Egypt from the Ayyubid dynasty to the time of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, mamluks were considered to be 'true lords', with social status above freeborn Muslims.
Tang Yin (1470–1524), better known by his courtesy name Tang Bohu, was a Chinese scholar, painter, calligrapher, and poet of the Ming Dynasty period whose life story has become a part of popular lore. Even though he was born during the Ming Dynasty, many of his paintings (especially paintings of people) were illustrated with elements from Pre-Tang to Song Dynasty.<br/><br/> Great Shu (Dàshǔ) called in retrospect Former Shu Qiánshǔ) was one of the Ten Kingdoms formed during the chaotic period between the rules of the Tang dynasty and the Song dynasty. It existed between 907-925 CE.