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William III of England (1650-1702), commonly known as William of Orange and in Scotland as William II (informally as 'King Billy'), was a Dutch Prince of Orange. Baptised as William Henry, he was Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Gelderland, Overijssel and Utrecht in the Dutch Republic. He inherited the principality of Orange from his father, William II, who died from smallpox a week before his son's birth; his mother Mary was the daughter of King Charles I of England.<br/><br/> William, as a Protestant, participated in several wars against King Louis XIV of France, who was a Catholic, becoming a champion of the faith. In 1677, he married his cousin Mary, daughter of his uncle James, the Duke of York. In 1688, William III invaded England at the behest of influential British political and religious leaders in what became known as the 'Glorious Revolution', to overthrow his uncle, who had become an unpopular and Catholic king.<br/><br/> His campaign was successful and he deposed his uncle. William ruled as joint sovereigns with his wife Mary until her death in 1694, after which he ruled alone. His reign marked the start of the transformation from the direct rule of the Stuarts to the more Parliament-centred rule of the House of Hanover.
Nicolaes Visscher I (1618-1679) was a Dutch cartographer, engraver and publisher, the son of famed Dutch Golden Age draughtsman Claes Janszoon Visscher. He produced various double hemisphere maps, often working alongside his son, Nicolaes Visscher II, who continued the family tradition after his death.<br/><br/> Daniel Stoopendaal (1672-1726) was a Dutch engraver and mapmaker based out of Amsterdam. His well known works include garden and landscape prints, as well as re-engravings of Nicolaes Visscher's maps of the Holy Land, for inclusion in the Keur Bible.
The East Indies, sometimes known simply as the Indies, are the lands of South and Southeast Asia, though usually refer to just the islands of Southeast Asia, primarily the Indonesian and Philippine Archipelagos. The inhabitants of the region are rarely ever called East Indians, and comprise a wide variety of cultural and religious diversity, with no single ethnic group.<br/><br/> Many of these islands were Dutch colonies, and the area was known as the Dutch East Indies for around 300 years before Indonesian independence, while those under Spanish occupation were titled the Spanish East Indies until the American conquest. Sometimes French-occupied Indochina and the former British territories of Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore are included within the East Indies (the latter three as the British East Indies), as well as former Portuguese East Timor.
François-Marie Arouet (21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), known by his nom de plume Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state.<br/><br/> Voltaire was a versatile writer, producing works in almost every literary form, including plays, poems, novels, essays, and historical and scientific works. He wrote more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets. He was an outspoken advocate, despite the risk this placed him in under the strict censorship laws of the time. As a satirical polemicist, he frequently made use of his works to criticize intolerance, religious dogma, and the French institutions of his day.
Jean-Étienne Liotard (1702 at Geneva–1789 in Geneva) was a Swiss-French painter. although not primarily an Orientalist, his paintings contain some Orientalist themes, notably 'Portrait of Richard Pocoke' (1738), 'Portrait of Monsieur Levett English Merchant in Tatar Costume' (1740), 'Turkish Woman with Maidservant' (1742), and 'Portrait of a Young Black Woman'.