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Japan: 'Album of Hawks and Calligraphy'. Album of nine paintings by Kano Tsunenobu (1636-1713), late 17th century. Kano Tsunenobu was a Japanese painter who lived during the Edo Period. He was a student of the Kano school of painting, and had a particular interest in Chinese art styles, often copying or emulating Chinese paintings with very little Japanese influence. He became a second-generation head of the Kano school's Kobikicho branch in Edo (Tokyo).
Japan: 'Album of Hawks and Calligraphy'. Album of nine paintings by Kano Tsunenobu (1636-1713), late 17th century. Kano Tsunenobu was a Japanese painter who lived during the Edo Period. He was a student of the Kano school of painting, and had a particular interest in Chinese art styles, often copying or emulating Chinese paintings with very little Japanese influence. He became a second-generation head of the Kano school's Kobikicho branch in Edo (Tokyo).
Japan: 'Album of Hawks and Calligraphy'. Album of nine paintings by Kano Tsunenobu (1636-1713), late 17th century. Kano Tsunenobu was a Japanese painter who lived during the Edo Period. He was a student of the Kano school of painting, and had a particular interest in Chinese art styles, often copying or emulating Chinese paintings with very little Japanese influence. He became a second-generation head of the Kano school's Kobikicho branch in Edo (Tokyo).
Japan: 'Album of Hawks and Calligraphy'. Album of nine paintings by Kano Tsunenobu (1636-1713), late 17th century. Kano Tsunenobu was a Japanese painter who lived during the Edo Period. He was a student of the Kano school of painting, and had a particular interest in Chinese art styles, often copying or emulating Chinese paintings with very little Japanese influence. He became a second-generation head of the Kano school's Kobikicho branch in Edo (Tokyo).
Japan: 'Album of Hawks and Calligraphy'. Album of nine paintings by Kano Tsunenobu (1636-1713), late 17th century. Kano Tsunenobu was a Japanese painter who lived during the Edo Period. He was a student of the Kano school of painting, and had a particular interest in Chinese art styles, often copying or emulating Chinese paintings with very little Japanese influence. He became a second-generation head of the Kano school's Kobikicho branch in Edo (Tokyo).
Japan: 'Album of Hawks and Calligraphy'. Album of nine paintings by Kano Tsunenobu (1636-1713), late 17th century. Kano Tsunenobu was a Japanese painter who lived during the Edo Period. He was a student of the Kano school of painting, and had a particular interest in Chinese art styles, often copying or emulating Chinese paintings with very little Japanese influence. He became a second-generation head of the Kano school's Kobikicho branch in Edo (Tokyo).
Japan: 'Album of Hawks and Calligraphy'. Album of nine paintings by Kano Tsunenobu (1636-1713), late 17th century. Kano Tsunenobu was a Japanese painter who lived during the Edo Period. He was a student of the Kano school of painting, and had a particular interest in Chinese art styles, often copying or emulating Chinese paintings with very little Japanese influence. He became a second-generation head of the Kano school's Kobikicho branch in Edo (Tokyo).
Japan: 'Album of Hawks and Calligraphy'. Album of nine paintings by Kano Tsunenobu (1636-1713), late 17th century. Kano Tsunenobu was a Japanese painter who lived during the Edo Period. He was a student of the Kano school of painting, and had a particular interest in Chinese art styles, often copying or emulating Chinese paintings with very little Japanese influence. He became a second-generation head of the Kano school's Kobikicho branch in Edo (Tokyo).
Japan: 'Album of Hawks and Calligraphy'. Album of nine paintings by Kano Tsunenobu (1636-1713), late 17th century. Kano Tsunenobu was a Japanese painter who lived during the Edo Period. He was a student of the Kano school of painting, and had a particular interest in Chinese art styles, often copying or emulating Chinese paintings with very little Japanese influence. He became a second-generation head of the Kano school's Kobikicho branch in Edo (Tokyo).
Sir Christopher Wren PRS (30 October 1632 – 8 March 1723) is one of the most highly acclaimed English architects in history. He was accorded responsibility for rebuilding 52 churches in the City of London after the Great Fire in 1666, including what is regarded as his masterpiece, St. Paul's Cathedral, on Ludgate Hill, completed in 1710.<br/><br/>

Educated in Latin and Aristotelian physics at the University of Oxford, Wren was a notable anatomist, astronomer, geometer, and mathematician-physicist, as well as an architect. He was a founder of the Royal Society (president 1680–82), and his scientific work was highly regarded by Isaac Newton and Blaise Pascal.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th century.<br/><br/>

His political philosophy influenced The Enlightenment in France and across Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the overall development of modern political and educational thought.
The Ryukyu Kingdom (historical English name: Lewchew, Luchu, or Loochoo) was an independent kingdom that ruled most of the Ryukyu Islands from the 15th to the 19th century. The kings of Ryukyu unified Okinawa Island and extended the kingdom to the Amami Islands in modern-day Kagoshima Prefecture, and the Sakishima Islands near Taiwan.<br/><br/>

Despite its small size, the kingdom played a central role in the maritime trade networks of medieval East and Southeast Asia.
Carlo Maratta or Maratti (13 May 1625 – 15 December 1713) was an Italian painter, active mostly in Rome, and known principally for his classicizing paintings executed in a Late Baroque Classical manner.<br/><br/>

Although he is part of the classical tradition stemming from Raphael, he was not exempt from the influence of Baroque painting and particularly in his use of colour. His contemporary and friend, Giovanni Bellori, wrote an early biography on Maratta
Abu'l Muzaffar Muin ud-din Muhammad Shah Farrukh-siyar Alim Akbar Sani Wala Shan Padshah-i-bahr-u-bar [Shahid-i-Mazlum] (or Farrukhsiyar, 20 August 1685 – 19 April 1719) was the Mughal emperor between 1713 and 1719. Noted as a handsome ruler he was easily swayed by his advisers, he lacked the ability, knowledge and character to rule independently.<br/><br/>

His reign witnessed the primacy of the Sayyid Brothers who became the effective powers of the land, behind the façade of Mughal rule. His constant plotting eventually led the Sayyid Brothers to officially depose him.
Originally a dancing girl, Lal Kunwar became Jahandar's concubine and later the queen consort. Contemporary historians noted Jahandar Shah's decadent lifestyle and his devotion to  Lal Kunwar, who is named in the inscription at the top of the page. Reportedly, Lal Kunwar had much influence at Jahandar's court.<br/><br/>

Jahandar Shah was defeated in the battle at Agra on 10 January 1713 by Farrukhsiyar, his nephew and the second son of Azim-us-Shan, with the support of the Syed Brothers. He fled to Delhi, from where he was captured and handed over to the new Emperor, who confined him along with Lal Kunwar. He lived in confinement for a month, until 11 February 1713, when professional stranglers were sent to murder him.<br/><br/>

When the stranglers were admitted into the prison, Lal Kunwar shrieked, clasped hold of her lover and refused to let go. Violently forcing the two apart, they laid hands on Jahandar Shah and finished him off. His head was severed and presented to Farrukhsiyar, while his body was taken to Humayun's Tomb and interred there. Lal Kunwar was sent to Suragpura (Hamlet of Happy Wives) where the widows of previous emperors lived in retirement.
Gang Se-hwang was a high government official as well as a painter, calligrapher and art critic of the mid-Joseon period.<br/><br/>

He was born in Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, the son of Kang Hyeon. He entered royal service when more than sixty years old. Gang established and practised the 'munhwa' style of painting.
Gang Se-hwang was a high government official as well as a painter, calligrapher and art critic of the mid-Joseon period.<br/><br/>

He was born in Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, the son of Kang Hyeon. He entered royal service when more than sixty years old. Gang established and practised the 'munhwa' style of painting.
Tokugawa Ietsugu (August 8, 1709-June 19, 1716) was the seventh shogun of the Tokugawa Dynasty, who ruled from 1713 until his death in 1716. He was the son of Tokugawa Ienobu, thus making him the grandson of Tokugawa Tsunashige, daimyo of Kofu, great-grandson of Tokugawa Iemitsu, great-great grandson of Tokugawa Hidetada, and finally the great-great-great grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu.
Tokugawa Ietsugu (August 8, 1709-June 19, 1716) was the seventh shogun of the Tokugawa Dynasty, who ruled from 1713 until his death in 1716. He was the son of Tokugawa Ienobu, thus making him the grandson of Tokugawa Tsunashige, daimyo of Kofu, great-grandson of Tokugawa Iemitsu, great-great grandson of Tokugawa Hidetada, and finally the great-great-great grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu.
Tokugawa Ietsugu (August 8, 1709-June 19, 1716) was the seventh shogun of the Tokugawa Dynasty, who ruled from 1713 until his death in 1716. He was the son of Tokugawa Ienobu, thus making him the grandson of Tokugawa Tsunashige, daimyo of Kofu, great-grandson of Tokugawa Iemitsu, great-great grandson of Tokugawa Hidetada, and finally the great-great-great grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu.
The Imperial Noble Consort Chun Hui (1713 - 1760) came from the Manchu Sugiya clan. She was the daughter of Sujinam and was born in the fifty-second year of the Kangxi Emperor's reign. Lady Sugiya entered the imperial court during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor and became a concubine of the then Prince Hong Li (later the Qianlong Emperor). When in 1735 Prince Hong Li ascended the throne Sugiya was given the title of Concubine Chun. Later Lady Sugiya gave birth to two sons and a daughter. In 1760 Lady Sugiya was given the title of Imperial Noble Consort Chun (meaning purity). However, Lady Sugiya died half a year later in the twenty-fifth year of Qianlong Emperor's reign. She was given the posthumous title of Imperial Noble Consort Chun Hui and was later interred in the Yuling Mausoleum for consorts.
The Imperial Noble Consort Chun Hui came from the Manchu Sugiya clan. She was the daughter of Sujinam and was born in the fifty-second year of the Kangxi Emperor's reign. Lady Sugiya entered the imperial court during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor and became a concubine of the then Prince Hong Li (later the Qianlong Emperor). When in 1735 Prince Hong Li ascended the throne, Sugiya was given the title of Concubine Chun. Later, Lady Sugiya gave birth to two sons and a daughter. In 1760 Lady Sugiya was given the title of Imperial Noble Consort Chun (meaning purity). However, Lady Sugiya died half a year later in the twenty-fifth year of Qianlong Emperor's reign. She was given the posthumous title of Imperial Noble Consort Chun Hui and was later interred in the Yuling Mausoleum for consorts.
Abu'l Muzaffar Muin ud-din Muhammad Shah Farrukh-siyar Alim Akbar Sani Wala Shan Padshah-i-bahr-u-bar [Shahid-i-Mazlum] (or Farrukhsiyar, 20 August 1685 – 19 April 1719) was the Mughal emperor between 1713 and 1719. Noted as a handsome ruler he was easily swayed by his advisers, he lacked the ability, knowledge and character to rule independently.<br/><br/>

His reign witnessed the primacy of the Sayyid Brothers who became the effective powers of the land, behind the façade of Mughal rule. His constant plotting eventually led the Sayyid Brothers to officially depose him.