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Japan: 'Western Traders at Yokohama Transporting Merchandise'. Detail of triptych print by Utagawa Sadahide (1807-1878/1879), 1861. Utagawa Sadahide, also known as Gountei Sadahide, was a Japanese artist best known for his prints in the <i>ukiyo-e</i> style as a member of the Utagawa school. His prints covered a wide variety of genres; amongst his best known are his <i>Yokohama-e</i> pictures of foreigners in Yokohama in the 1860s, a period when he was a best-selling artist. He was a member of the Tokugawa shogunate's delegation to the International Exposition of 1867 in Paris.
Japan: 'Banquet at a Foreign Mercantile House in Yokohama'. Woodblock print by Utagawa Sadahide (1807-1878/1879), 1861. Utagawa Sadahide, also known as Gountei Sadahide, was a Japanese artist best known for his prints in the <i>ukiyo-e</i> style as a member of the Utagawa school. His prints covered a wide variety of genres; amongst his best known are his <i>Yokohama-e</i> pictures of foreigners in Yokohama in the 1860s, a period when he was a best-selling artist. He was a member of the Tokugawa shogunate's delegation to the International Exposition of 1867 in Paris.
Japan: 'Russians enjoying themselves on Sunday in Yokohama'. Woodblock print by Utagawa Sadahide (1807-1878/1879), 1861. Utagawa Sadahide, also known as Gountei Sadahide, was a Japanese artist best known for his prints in the <i>ukiyo-e</i> style as a member of the Utagawa school. His prints covered a wide variety of genres; amongst his best known are his <i>Yokohama-e</i> pictures of foreigners in Yokohama in the 1860s, a period when he was a best-selling artist. He was a member of the Tokugawa shogunate's delegation to the International Exposition of 1867 in Paris.
Japan: 'Foreigners in Yokohama draw up a contract in Mercantile House'. Woodblock print by Utagawa Sadahide (1807-1878/1879), 1861. Utagawa Sadahide, also known as Gountei Sadahide, was a Japanese artist best known for his prints in the <i>ukiyo-e</i> style as a member of the Utagawa school. His prints covered a wide variety of genres; amongst his best known are his <i>Yokohama-e</i> pictures of foreigners in Yokohama in the 1860s, a period when he was a best-selling artist. He was a member of the Tokugawa shogunate's delegation to the International Exposition of 1867 in Paris.
Rudolf I (1218-1291), also kown as Rudolf of Habsburg, was the son of Count Albert IV of Habsburg, and became count after his father's death in 1239. His godfather was Emperor Frederick II, to whom he paid frequent court visits. Rudolf ended the Great Interregnum that had engulfed the Holy Roman Empire after the death of Frederick when he was elected as King of Germany in 1273.<br/><br/> Rudolf secured the recognition of the Pope by promising to launch a new crusade and renouncing all imperial rights to Rome, the papal territories and Sicily. His main opponent was King Ottokar II of Bohemia, who had refused to acknowledge Rudolf as King of Germany. War was declared against Ottokar in 1276, and he was defeated and killed in 1278 during the Battle on the Marchfeld.<br/><br/> Rudolf was ultimately not entirely successful in restoring internal peace throughout the Holy Roman Empire, lacking the power, resources and determination to truly enforce his established land peaces, with the princes largely left to their own devices. He died in 1291, establishing the powerful Habsburg dynasty but unable to ensure the succession of his son Albert as German king.
William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was the ninth President of the United States (1841), an American military officer and politician, and the last president born as a British subject. He was also the first president to die in office.<br/><br/> He was 68 years, 23 days old when inaugurated, the oldest president to take office until Ronald Reagan in 1981. Harrison died on his 32nd day in office of complications from pneumonia, serving the shortest tenure in United States presidential history.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition, also known as the Corps of Discovery Expedition, was the first American expedition to cross what is now the western portion of the United States, departing in May 1804, from near St. Louis making their way westward through the continental divide to the Pacific coast.<br/><br/> The expedition was commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson shortly after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, consisting of a select group of U.S. Army volunteers under the command of Captain Meriwether Lewis and his close friend, Second Lieutenant William Clark. Their perilous journey lasted from May 1804 to September 1806. The primary objective was to explore and map the newly acquired territory, find a practical route across the Western half of the continent, and establish an American presence in this territory before Britain and other European powers tried to claim it.<br/><br/> The campaign's secondary objectives were scientific and economic: to study the area's plants, animal life, and geography, and establish trade with local Native American tribes. With maps, sketches, and journals in hand, the expedition returned to St. Louis to report their findings to Jefferson.
Tariq ibn Ziyad (15 November 689 – 11 April 720) was a great Muslim Umayyad general who led the conquest of Visigothic Hispania in 711 under the orders of the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I. Tariq ibn Ziyad is considered to be one of the most important military commanders in Iberian history. He was initially the deputy of Musa ibn Nusair in North Africa, and was sent by his superior from the north coast of Morocco to launch the first thrust of a conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom (comprising modern Spain and Portugal).<br/><br/> The name 'Gibraltar' derives from the Arabic Jebel Tariq, or 'Mountain of Tariq', and is named for Tariq ibn Ziyad.
Japan: 'Pine Tree and Calligraphy'. Album leaf mounted as hanging scroll painting by Ike no Taiga (1723-1776), with calligraphy by Minagawa Kien (1734-1807), late 18th century.<br/><br/> Ike no Taiga (1723-1776) was a Japanese calligrapher and painter from Kyoto. He had a great passion for classical Chinese culture and painting styles, perfecting the Nanga ('Southern')/Bunjinga ('literati') school of painting that was heavily influenced by traditional Chinese artists. He was married to fellow artist Ike Gyorukan.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German writer and statesman. His body of work includes epic and lyric poetry written in a variety of metres and styles; prose and verse dramas; memoirs; an autobiography; literary and aesthetic criticism; treatises on botany, anatomy, and colour; and four novels. In addition, numerous literary and scientific fragments, more than 10,000 letters, and nearly 3,000 drawings by him are extant.<br/><br/> A literary celebrity by the age of 25, Goethe was ennobled by the Duke of Saxe-Weimar, Karl August in 1782 after first taking up residence there in November 1775 following the success of his first novel, The Sorrows of Young Werther. He was an early participant in the Sturm und Drang literary movement. During his first ten years in Weimar, Goethe served as a member of the Duke's privy council, sat on the war and highway commissions, oversaw the reopening of silver mines in nearby Ilmenau, and implemented a series of administrative reforms at the University of Jena.
Giuseppe Garibaldi (4 July 1807 in Nice – 2 June 1882 on Caprera) was an Italian general, politician and nationalist who played a large role in the history of Italy.<br/><br/> He is considered, with Camillo Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II and Giuseppe Mazzini, as one of Italy's 'fathers of the nation'.
This engraving shows 'the front and profile view of a slave's head, with the mouth-piece and necklace, the hooks round which are placed to prevent an escapee when pursued in the woods, and to hinder them from laying down the head to procure rest'. 'At A [see letter over mouth of figure on the right] is a flat iron which goes into the mouth, and so effectually keeps down the tongue, that nothing can be swallowed, not even the saliva, a passage for which is made through holes in the mouth-plate'. On the lower right is an enlarged view of this mouth piece which 'when long worn, becomes so heated as frequently to bring off the skin along with it'. The lower left shows leg shackles used on the slave ships; also, 'spurs used on some plantations in Antigua' (placed on the legs to prevent slaves from absconding).
Robert E. Lee (1807–1870) was an American general known for commanding the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War from 1862 until his surrender in 1865. Lee was a top graduate of the United States Military Academy and an exceptional officer and military engineer in the United States Army for 32 years.<br/><br/> When Virginia seceded from the Union in April 1861, Lee followed his home state. After a year as senior military adviser to President Jefferson Davis, Lee took command of the main field army in 1862 and soon emerged as a shrewd tactician and battlefield commander. After the war, Lee supported President Andrew Johnson's programme of Reconstruction and intersectional friendship.
William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827) was an English poet, painter, and printmaker. Largely unrecognised during his lifetime, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of the poetry and visual arts of the Romantic Age.<br/><br/> His prophetic works have been said to form 'what is in proportion to its merits the least read body of poetry in the English language'. His visual artistry led one contemporary art critic to proclaim him 'far and away the greatest artist Britain has ever produced'.
Since mixed marriages were forbidden in Japan at this time, Von Siebold 'lived together' with his Japanese partner Kusumoto Taki. In 1827 Kusumoto Taki gave birth to their daughter, Oine. Von Siebold used to call his wife 'Otakusa' and named a Hydrangea after her. As a result of her father's efforts, Oine eventually became the first Japanese woman known to have received a physician's training, and became a highly-regarded practicing physician. She died in 1903.
Selim III (Ottoman Turkish: سليم ثالث Selīm-i sālis) (24 December 1761 – 28 or 29 July 1808) was the reform-minded Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807. The Janissaries eventually deposed and imprisoned him, and placed his cousin Mustafa on the throne as Mustafa IV.
Selim III (Ottoman Turkish: سليم ثالث Selīm-i sālis) (24 December 1761 – 28 or 29 July 1808) was the reform-minded Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807. The Janissaries eventually deposed and imprisoned him, and placed his cousin Mustafa on the throne as Mustafa IV.
Selim III (Ottoman Turkish: سليم ثالث Selīm-i sālis) (24 December 1761 – 28 or 29 July 1808) was the reform-minded Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807. The Janissaries eventually deposed and imprisoned him, and placed his cousin Mustafa on the throne as Mustafa IV.
Selim III (Ottoman Turkish: سليم ثالث Selīm-i sālis) (24 December 1761 – 28 or 29 July 1808) was the reform-minded Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807. The Janissaries eventually deposed and imprisoned him, and placed his cousin Mustafa on the throne as Mustafa IV.
Dejima (literally 'exit island'; Dutch: Desjima or Deshima, sometimes latinised as Decima or Dezima) was a small fan-shaped artificial island built in the bay of Nagasaki in 1634. This island, which was formed by digging a canal through a small peninsula, remained as the single place of direct trade and exchange between Japan and the outside world during the Edo period. Dejima was built to constrain foreign traders as part of the 'sakoku' self-imposed isolationist policy. Originally built to house Portuguese traders, it changed to a Chinese and Dutch trading post from 1641 until 1853. Covering an area of 120 m x 75 m (9000 square meters, or 0.9 hectares) it later became integrated into the city. 'Dejima Dutch Trading Post' has been designated a Japanese national historic site.