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The Satsuma Rebellion was a revolt that occurred nine years into the Meiji Era. After various military reforms had led to the lessening of samurai power and resulted in many unemployed samurai in the Satsuma Domain, Saigo Takamori, one of the senior Satsumi leaders, became worried about political corruption and the future role of samurai warriors.<br/><br/> Saigo and his men eventually revolted in January 29, 1877, leading 20,000 to 30,000 samurai against the Japanese Imperial Army. The rebellion was decisvely crushed nine months later in September during the Battle of Shiroyama, the samurai outnumbered 60-to-1 by the Imperial Army. Saigo committed seppuku and killed himself rather than surrender, thus ending the last of a series of armed uprisings against the new government and effectively ending the samurai class.<br/><br/> During the Satsuma Rebellion, there were a number of women samurai who fought against government troops at Kagoshima. The women had decided to join the rebellion and fight alongside their husbands and fathers.
Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was the 19th President of the United States (1877–81).<br/><br/> As president, he oversaw the end of Reconstruction, began the efforts that led to civil service reform, and attempted to reconcile the divisions left over from the Civil War and Reconstruction.
Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was the 18th President of the United States (1869–77). As Commanding General of the United States Army (1864–69), Grant worked closely with President Abraham Lincoln to lead the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War.<br/><br/> He implemented Congressional Reconstruction, often at odds with Lincoln's successor, Andrew Johnson. Twice elected president, Grant led the Republicans in their effort to remove the vestiges of Confederate nationalism and slavery, protect African-American citizenship, and support economic prosperity nationwide. His presidency has often come under criticism for protecting corrupt associates and in his second term leading the nation into a severe economic depression.
Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was the 18th President of the United States (1869–77). As Commanding General of the United States Army (1864–69), Grant worked closely with President Abraham Lincoln to lead the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War.<br/><br/> He implemented Congressional Reconstruction, often at odds with Lincoln's successor, Andrew Johnson. Twice elected president, Grant led the Republicans in their effort to remove the vestiges of Confederate nationalism and slavery, protect African-American citizenship, and support economic prosperity nationwide. His presidency has often come under criticism for protecting corrupt associates and in his second term leading the nation into a severe economic depression.
James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the 20th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1881, until his assassination later that year.<br/><br/> Garfield had served nine terms in the House of Representatives, and had been elected to the Senate before his candidacy for the White House, though he declined the Senate seat once he was elected President. He is the only sitting House member to have been elected president.
Ohara Koson (Kanazawa 1877 – Tokyo 1945) was a Japanese painter and print designer of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, part of the <i>shin-hanga</i> ('new prints') movement.
Hamengkubuwono (also spelt Hamengkubuwana and in Dutch transcription 'Hamengkoeboewono') is the current ruling royal house of the Yogyakarta Sultanate in the Yogyakarta Special Region of Indonesia.
The Satsuma Rebellion was a revolt that occurred nine years into the Meiji Era. After various military reforms had led to the lessening of samurai power and resulted in many unemployed samurai in the Satsuma Domain, Saigo Takamori, one of the senior Satsumi leaders, became worried about political corruption and the future role of samurai warriors.<br/><br/> Saigo and his men eventually revolted in January 29, 1877, leading 20,000 to 30,000 samurai against the Japanese Imperial Army. The rebellion was decisvely crushed nine months later in September during the Battle of Shiroyama, the samurai outnumbered 60-to-1 by the Imperial Army. Saigo committed seppuku and killed himself rather than surrender, thus ending the last of a series of armed uprisings against the new government and effectively ending the samurai class.
Limehouse, in Stepney, was London's first Chinatown. The Chinese began settling in Limehouse before 1850, arriving as seamen or ship's launderers. By 1890 sailors from Shanghai were colonizing Pennyfields, Amoy Place and Ming Street, while those from Guangzhou (Canton) and southern China chose Gill Street and Limehouse Causeway, slightly further west.<br/><br/> From the 1890s the Chinese community in the East End grew in size and spread eastwards, from the original settlement in Limehouse Causeway, into Pennyfields. The area provided for the Lascar, Chinese and Japanese sailors working the Oriental routes into the Port of London.<br/><br/> The main attractions for these men were the opium dens, hidden behind shops in Limehouse and Poplar, and also the availability of prostitutes, Chinese grocers, restaurants and seamen's lodging-houses. Hostility from British sailors and the inability of many Chinese to speak English fostered a distinct racial segregation and concentrated more and more Chinese into Limehouse.<br/><br/> From the 1970s, London's Chinatown was increasingly established further to the west, in Soho, centred on Gerrard Street.
Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was the 19th President of the United States (1877–81).<br/><br/> As president, he oversaw the end of Reconstruction, began the efforts that led to civil service reform, and attempted to reconcile the divisions left over from the Civil War and Reconstruction.
The Great Famine of 1876–78 (also the Southern India famine of 1876–78 or the Madras famine of 1877) was a famine in India that began in 1876 and affected south and southwestern India (Madras, Mysore, Hyderabad, and Bombay) for a period of two years. In its second year famine also spread north to some regions of the Central Provinces and the North-Western Provinces, and to a small area in the Punjab.<br/><br/> The famine ultimately covered an area of 670,000 square kilometres (257,000 sq mi) and caused distress to a population totaling 58,500,000. The death toll from this famine is estimated to have been in the range of 5.5 million people.
Saigo Takamori (1828-1877) was one of the most influential samurai in history, and seen by many as the last true samurai. Saigo lived during the late Edo and early Meiji Period, and had been born as Saigo Kokichi, taking the given name Takamori when he became an adult. He also wrote poetry under the name Saigo Nanshu.<br/><br/> Saigo was from the Satsuma Domain (modern Kagoshima Prefecture, and started life as a low-ranking rural samurai. Saigo slowly rose to power and influence, assuming command over Satsuma and its soldiers, and he was a vocal opponent of the negotiated solution that led to the Meiji Restoration, though he still held a key role in the Meiji government. His opposition to modernisation and commerce with the West, as well as his desire to go to war with Korea, eventually led him to retire from government and begin formulating the Satsuma Rebellion.<br/><br/> Saigo began attracting disaffected samurai to his banner, and eventually rose up in revolt to the government trying to disarm them in 1877. Saigo led the rebels, a mixed force of 40,000 samurai, against the much larger Imperial Army, which numbered around 300,000. The Imperial Army was well equipped and militarily modernised, and the Satsuma Rebellion soon dwindled to barely 400 samurai warriors during their final stand at the Battle of Shiroyama. Saigo committed seppuku rather than surrender, and he would later be pardoned posthumously in 1889. With his death ended the reign of the samurai.
Edouard Manet (23 January 1832 – 30 April 1883) was a French painter. He was one of the first 19th-century artists to paint modern life, and a pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism.
The Anglo-Manipur war (1891) saw the conquest of Manipur by British Indian forces and the incorporation of the small Assamese kingdom within the British Raj.<br/><br/> Subsequently Manipur became a Princely State under British tutelage.
The Konbaung Dynasty was the last dynasty that ruled Burma (Myanmar), from 1752 to 1885. The dynasty created the second largest empire in Burmese history, and continued the administrative reforms begun by the Toungoo dynasty, laying the foundations of modern state of Burma.<br/><br/> The reforms proved insufficient to stem the advance of the British, who defeated the Burmese in all three Anglo-Burmese wars over a six-decade span (1824–1885) and ended the millennium-old Burmese monarchy in 1885.
The origins of Burmese Dance are traced to the Pyu, Halin, and Mon cultures in the central and lower Irrawaddy regions from at least two centuries before the Christian era. Archaeological evidence shows Indian influences in this. There were also influences from Thai and Khmer cultures during the many invasions and counter-invasions that occurred over the next two millennia.<br/><br/>There was a particularly well documented infusion of dance forms, such as the Yama Zatdaw (the Burmese version of the Ramayana) in 1767, when the Burmese sacked Ayutthaya and expropriated a large component of the Thai court. Nonetheless, some of the surviving forms (including the belu, nat gadaw and zawgyi dances) honour folklore characters that are quintessentially Burmese, some of these from pre-Buddhist times.<br/><br/>There is also a close relationship between the classical Burmese marionette and human dance art forms, with the former obviously imitating human dance, but also with human dance imitating the movements of the marionette.
The Konbaung Dynasty was the last dynasty that ruled Burma (Myanmar), from 1752 to 1885. The dynasty created the second largest empire in Burmese history, and continued the administrative reforms begun by the Toungoo dynasty, laying the foundations of modern state of Burma.<br/><br/>The reforms proved insufficient to stem the advance of the British, who defeated the Burmese in all three Anglo-Burmese wars over a six-decade span (1824–1885) and ended the millennium-old Burmese monarchy in 1885.
Harriett Low Hillard (18 May 1809 – 1877) was an American woman of letters and diarist. From 1829 to 1833 she lived in the Portuguese colony of Macau on the South China coast, becoming one of the first young American women to live in China. During her stay from 1829 to 1833, she wrote a journal in the form of letters to her older sister Molly (Mary Ann, 1808–1851), and became acquainted with many of the influential individuals in the colony.<br/><br/> Harriet arrived in Macau on September 29, 1829. She soon became acquainted with many of the well-known residents of Macau, including the painter George Chinnery, who painted her portrait; the Hong Merchant Mowqua; and the surgeon Thomas Richardson Colledge. Through her uncle's connections, she also became familiar with all the employees of the East India Company along with other prosperous British merchants in the city. As the only unmarried young woman in the colony, she was invited to many 'fancy balls, dances, teas and dinners'.<br/><br/> Low had a strong desire to visit Canton, the only foreign trading enclave permitted in China at the time. However, under the regulations of the Thirteen Factory System, women were strictly forbidden from entering. Low and her aunt dressed up like boys, sailed to Canton, and went straight to the American Factory. When the Chinese discovered the women's true identities, they threatened to stop all trade in Canton forthwith, forcing Low and her aunt to leave.<br/><br/> After her return to the United States, she married and moved to London, returning to New York with her husband and five daughters in 1848. Her journal is now part of the Low-Mills collection in the Library of Congress.
Samurai is the term for the military nobility of pre-industrial Japan. By the end of the 12th century, samurai became almost entirely synonymous with bushi, and the word was closely associated with the middle and upper echelons of the warrior class.<br/><br/> The samurai followed a set of rules that came to be known as BushidŨ. While they numbered less than ten percent of Japan's population, samurai teachings can still be found today in both everyday life and in martial arts such as KendŨ, meaning the way of the sword.
Zhang Xiaolin was one of the "Three Shanghai Godfathers" and, along with Du Yuesheng, was a leader of the Shanghai Green Gang. In 1939, with the Japanese capture of Shanghai, he was appointed puppet governor of Zhejiang. He was assassinated in 1940.
PŨmare IV, Queen of Tahiti (28 February 1813 - 17 September 1877), more properly Ź»Aimata PŨmare IV Vahine-o-PunuateraŹ»itua (otherwise known as Ź»Aimata - meaning: eye-eater, after an old custom of the ruler to eat the eye of the defeated foe - or simply as PŨmare IV), was the queen of Tahiti between 1827 and 1877.<br/><br/> She was the fourth monarch descended from the PŨmare dynasty. She was the daughter of PŨmare II. She succeeded as ruler of Tahiti after the death of her brother PŨmare III when she was only 14 years old. She succeeded in reuniting RaŹ»iatea and Porapora (Borabora) with the kingdom of Tahiti. She ruled under the French administration from 1843 until 1877. Pomare IV is buried in the Royal Mausoleum, PapaŹ»oa, Ź»Arue. She was succeeded by PŨmare V, who reigned 1877-1880.
SaigŨ Takamori, original name Kichibe or Kichinosuke, literary name Nanshu, was one of the most influential samurai in Japanese history. He lived during the late Edo Period and early Meiji Era, and became a leader of the Meiji restoration.<br/><br/> In 1867, Saigo’s troops supported the Emperor in the Meiji Restoration; with Katsu Kaishu, who was the representative of the Shogunate government, he achieved the bloodless surrender of Edo Castle and successfully conducted the coup d’etat of 'Osei Fukko' (Restoration of Imperial rule). He was later put in command of over 50,000 samurai, a large segment of the Imperial army.<br/><br/> As a 'Sangi' (councillor) in the new government, he helped to push through reforms. His participation in the restoration made him a legendary hero, but the same reforms dissolved the samurai system and caused him to lose his status. In 1873, he resigned his government post after losing in the 'Seikanron' (Debate over conquering Korea).<br/><br/> In 1877, with the encouragement of the students of his private school in Kyushu, Saigo organized the Satsuma Rebellion against the government he had helped to restore. He was defeated by the government army and committed suicide. He later became a symbol of devotion to principle.
SaigŨ Takamori (Takanaga, (January 23, 1828 – September 24, 1877) was one of the most influential samurai in Japanese history, living during the late Edo Period and early Meiji Era. He has been dubbed the last true samurai.<br/><br/> Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1839 – June 9, 1892), also named Taiso Yoshitoshi, was a Japanese artist. He is widely recognized as the last great master of Ukiyo-e, a type of Japanese woodblock printing. He is additionally regarded as one of the form's greatest innovators. His career spanned two eras – the last years of feudal Japan, and the first years of modern Japan following the Meiji Restoration. Like many Japanese, Yoshitoshi was interested in new things from the rest of the world, but over time he became increasingly concerned with the loss of many outstanding aspects of traditional Japanese culture, among them traditional woodblock printing.
Nagaoka is located in the center of Niigata prefecture and the surrounding Chūetsu region. It is 80 minutes from Tokyo by way of the Joetsu Shinkansen or 3 hours on the Kan-Etsu Expressway. Nagaoka was an inland city until January 1, 2006 when the city merged with four municipalities-two were touching the Sea of Japan. The current Nagaoka now touches the Sea of Japan on the north and after the merger, it is still considered a strategic traffic point in the region. The Shinano River flows through it from south to north and industrial development occurs on both banks of the river. The Higashiyama mountain range lies to the east.
Taiwanese aborigines (Chinese: yuánzhùmín; PeĢ¨h-Ũe-jÄ«: gôan-chÅ«-bîn; literally "original inhabitants") may have been living on the islands for approximately 8,000 years before major Han Chinese immigration began in the 17th century. Taiwanese aborigines are Austronesian peoples, with linguistic and genetic ties to other Austronesian ethnic groups, such as peoples of the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Madagascar and Oceania. For centuries, Taiwan's aboriginal peoples experienced economic competition and military conflict with a series of colonizing peoples. Centralized government policies designed to foster language shift and cultural assimilation, as well as continued contact with the colonizers through trade, intermarriage and other dispassionate intercultural processes, have resulted in varying degrees of language death and loss of original cultural identity. Taiwan's Austronesian speakers were formerly distributed over much of the island's rugged central mountain range and were concentrated in villages along the alluvial plains. As of 2009, their total population was around 500,000 (approximately 2 percent of Taiwan's population).
Samurai is the term for the military nobility of pre-industrial Japan. By the end of the 12th century, samurai became almost entirely synonymous with bushi, and the word was closely associated with the middle and upper echelons of the warrior class.<br/><br/> The samurai followed a set of rules that came to be known as BushidŨ. While they numbered less than ten percent of Japan's population, samurai teachings can still be found today in both everyday life and in martial arts such as KendŨ, meaning the way of the sword.
After Sultan Agung, the Sultanate of Mataram declined due to internal power struggles. The VOC (Dutch East India Company) exploited this internal discord to increase its control. At the peak of the conflict, the Mataram Sultanate was split in two based on the Treaty of Giyanti of February 13, 1755, creating the Yogyakarta Sultanate and Surakarta Sunanate.<br/><br/>The Giyanti Treaty named Pangeran Mangkubumi as Sultan of Yogyakarta with the title of Sampeyan Dalem Ingkang Sinuwun Kanjeng Sultan Hamengkubuwono Senopati Ingalaga Abdul Rakhman Sayidin Khalifatullah Panatagama (His Majesty, The Sultan-Carrier for Chief Warrior, Servant and the Most Gracious, Cleric and Caliph that Safeguards the Religion).
<i>The Plum</i> (French: La Prune) - also known as Plum Brandy - is an oil-on-canvas painting by Édouard Manet. It is undated but thought to have been painted about 1877.<br/><br/> The painting is a study in loneliness, depicting a quiet, almost melancholy, scene of a young working girl seated in a café. The subject is viewed from nearby, perhaps by another seated customer. She may be a prostitute waiting for a client, or possibly a shop worker hoping for some conversation. On the table is a plum soaked in brandy, a speciality of Parisian cafés at the time.<br/><br/> Manet may have based the painting on observations at the Café de la Nouvelle Athènes on the Place Pigalle in Paris. However, the background - the decorative grille and its gold frame - does not match other depictions of the café, and suggests the painting was made in Manet’s studio.<br/><br/> The model is the actress Ellen Andrée, who was also depicted with Marcellin Desboutin in the similar 1876 painting <i>L'Absinthe</i> (or In a Café) by Edgar Degas. The similarities between the two paintings suggest that Manet's <i>The Plum</i> may be a response to Degas's <i>L'Absinthe</i>. Degas's painting shows a bleak scene of despair blunted by absinthe; Manet's is a more hopeful scene, where there is the chance that the sitter's loneliness may be broken.
Born the third son of Admiral Sir Michael Seymour, 1st Baronet, Michael Seymour entered the Royal Navy in 1813. He was made Lieutenant in 1822, Commander in 1824 and was posted Captain in 1826. From 1833 to 1835 he was captain of the survey ship HMS Challenger, and was wrecked in her off the coast of Chile. In 1841 he was given command of HMS Britannia and then of HMS Powerful. In 1845 he took over HMS Vindictive.<br/><br/> From 1851 to 1854 he was Commodore Superintendent of Devonport Dockyard. In 1854 he served under Sir Charles Napier in the Baltic during the Crimean War. He was promoted to Rear-Admiral that same year and, when the Baltic campaign was resumed in 1855 under Admiral the Hon. Richard Dundas, Seymour was second in command.<br/><br/> On 19 February 1856 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the East Indies and China Station. Flying his flag on HMS Calcutta, he conducted operations arising from the attack on the British Coaster Arrow, helped destroy the Chinese fleet in June 1857, took Canton in December, and in 1858 he captured the forts on the Baihe (Hai River), compelling the Chinese government to consent to the Treaties of Tianjin.<br/><br/> He was made GCB in 1859. He sat as a Liberal Member of Parliament for Devonport from 1859 to 1863. In 1863 he was made Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth, a post he held until 1866. He retired in 1870
SaigŨ Takamori, original name Kichibe or Kichinosuke, literary name Nanshu, was one of the most influential samurai in Japanese history. He lived during the late Edo Period and early Meiji Era, and became a leader of the Meiji restoration.<br/><br/> In 1867, Saigo’s troops supported the Emperor in the Meiji Restoration; with Katsu Kaishu, who was the representative of the Shogunate government, he achieved the bloodless surrender of Edo Castle and successfully conducted the coup d’etat of 'Osei Fukko' (Restoration of Imperial rule). He was later put in command of over 50,000 samurai, a large segment of the Imperial army.<br/><br/> As a 'Sangi' (councillor) in the new government, he helped to push through reforms. His participation in the restoration made him a legendary hero, but the same reforms dissolved the samurai system and caused him to lose his status. In 1873, he resigned his government post after losing in the 'Seikanron' (Debate over conquering Korea).<br/><br/> In 1877, with the encouragement of the students of his private school in Kyushu, Saigo organized the Satsuma Rebellion against the government he had helped to restore. He was defeated by the government army and committed suicide. He later became a symbol of devotion to principle.
The Aceh War, also known as the Dutch War or the Infidel War (1873–1914), was an armed military conflict between the Sultanate of Aceh and the Netherlands which was triggered by discussions between representatives of Aceh and the United Kingdom in Singapore during early 1873.<br/><br/> The war was part of a series of conflicts in the late 19th century that consolidated Dutch rule over modern-day Indonesia.
James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the 20th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1881, until his assassination later that year.<br/><br/> Garfield had served nine terms in the House of Representatives, and had been elected to the Senate before his candidacy for the White House, though he declined the Senate seat once he was elected President. He is the only sitting House member to have been elected president.
Hamengkubuwono (also spelt Hamengkubuwana and in Dutch transcription 'Hamengkoeboewono') is the current ruling royal house of the Yogyakarta Sultanate in the Yogyakarta Special Region of Indonesia.