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Iran: Reza Shah Pahlavi (1878-1944), during his time as Minister of War, c. 1921-1923. He was born in the village of Alasht in 1878 and joined the Persian Cossack Brigade when he turned sixteen, rising to become a Brigadier General, the only Iranian commander in its history. Under British direction, Reza helped orchestrate a coup in 1921 that overthrew the previous government, naming himself Minister of War and Sardar Sepah (Commander-in-Chief of the Army). He became Prime Minister in 1923, and later was appointed as Shah and Iran's legal monarch in 1925, founding the Pahlavi Dynasty.
John Calvin Coolidge Jr. (July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the 30th President of the United States (1923–29). A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state.<br/><br/> He was elected as the 29th vice president in 1920 and succeeded to the presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative.<br/><br/> Coolidge's retirement was relatively short, as he died at the age of 60 in January 1933, less than two months before his direct successor, Herbert Hoover, left office.
Tan Ting-pho (Chen Chengbo; Peh-oe-ji: Tan Teng-pho; February 2, 1895 – March 25, 1947), was a well-known Taiwanese painter. In 1926, his oil painting <i>Street of Chiayi</i> was featured in the seventh Empire Art Exhibition in Japan, which was the first time a Taiwanese artist's work was displayed at the exhibition.<br/><br/> Tan devoted his life to education and creation, and was greatly concerned about the development of humanist culture in Taiwan. He was not only devoted to the improvement of his own painting, but also to the promotion of the aesthetic education of the Taiwanese people. He was murdered as a result of the February 28 Incident, a 1947 popular uprising in Taiwan which was brutally repressed by the Kuomintang (KMT).
Shimon Peres (born 2 August 1923) is a Polish-born Israeli statesman. He was the ninth President of Israel from 2007 to 2014. Peres served twice as the Prime Minister of Israel and twice as Interim Prime Minister, and he was a member of 12 cabinets in a political career spanning over 66 years. Peres was elected to the Knesset in November 1959 and, except for a three-month-long hiatus in early 2006, served continuously until 2007, when he became President.<br/><br/> He held several diplomatic and military positions during and directly after Israel's War of Independence. His first high-level government position was as Deputy Director-General of Defense in 1952, and Director-General from 1953 until 1959. During his career, he has represented five political parties in the Knesset: Mapai, Rafi, the Alignment, Labor and Kadima, and has led Alignment and Labor. Peres won the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize together with Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat for the peace talks that he participated in as Israeli Foreign Minister, producing the Oslo Accords.<br/><br/> Peres was nominated in early 2007 by Kadima to run in that year's presidential election, and was elected by the Knesset to the presidency on 13 June 2007 and sworn into office on 15 July 2007 for a seven-year term.
Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (born Bönickhausen, 15 December 1832 – 27 December 1923) was a French civil engineer and architect. A graduate of the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, he made his name with various bridges for the French railway network, most famously the Garabit viaduct.<br/><br/> He is best known for the world-famous Eiffel Tower, built for the 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris, France. After his retirement from engineering, Eiffel concentrated his energies on research into meteorology and aerodynamics, making important contributions in both fields.<br/><br/> Eiffel's best-known works in Asia are the General Post Office in Saigon (1886-1891) and the Truong Tien Bridge in Hue (1897-1899). The iconic Long Bien Bridge across the Red River at Hanoi is frequently misattributed to Eiffel, but was in fact designed and built by the French company Dayde and Pille.
Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (born Bönickhausen, 15 December 1832 – 27 December 1923) was a French civil engineer and architect. A graduate of the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, he made his name with various bridges for the French railway network, most famously the Garabit viaduct.<br/><br/> He is best known for the world-famous Eiffel Tower, built for the 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris, France. After his retirement from engineering, Eiffel concentrated his energies on research into meteorology and aerodynamics, making important contributions in both fields.<br/><br/> Eiffel's best-known works in Asia are the General Post Office in Saigon (1886-1891) and the Truong Tien Bridge in Hue (1897-1899). The iconic Long Bien Bridge across the Red River at Hanoi is frequently misattributed to Eiffel, but was in fact designed and built by the French company Dayde and Pille.
Hồ Chí Minh, born Nguyễn Sinh Cung and also known as Nguyễn Ái Quốc (19 May 1890 – 3 September 1969) was a Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader who was prime minister (1946–1955) and president (1945–1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam).<br/><br/> He formed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and led the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War until his death. Hồ led the Viet Minh independence movement from 1941 onward, establishing the communist-governed Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and defeating the French Union in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.<br/><br/> He lost political power inside North Vietnam in the late 1950s, but remained as the highly visible figurehead president until his death.
Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr., (17 August 1887 – 10 June 1940), was a Jamaican political leader, publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator who was a proponent of the Pan-Africanism movement, to which end he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League. He also founded the Black Star Line, a shipping and passenger line which promoted the return of the African diaspora to their ancestral lands.<br/><br/> Garvey advanced a Pan-African philosophy to inspire a global mass movement and economic empowerment focusing on Africa known as 'Garveyism'. Garveyism intended persons of African ancestry in the diaspora to 'redeem' the nations of Africa and for the European colonial powers to leave the continent.
Julius Martov or L. Martov, real name Yuli Osipovich Zederbaum (November 24, 1873 – April 4, 1923) was born in Istanbul in 1873.<br/><br/> The son of Jewish middle class parents, he became the leader of the Mensheviks in early twentieth century Russia.
Sarah Bernhardt (23 October 1844 – 26 March 1923) was a French stage and early film actress. She was referred to as 'the most famous actress the world has ever known', and is regarded as one of the finest actors of all time.<br/><br/> Bernhardt made her fame on the stages of France in the 1870s, at the beginning of the Belle Epoque period, and was soon in demand in Europe and the Americas. She developed a reputation as a sublime dramatic actress and tragedienne, earning the nickname 'The Divine Sarah'. In her later career she starred in some of the earliest films ever produced.
Jean Maurice Eugene Clement Cocteau (5 July 1889 – 11 October 1963) was a French writer, designer, playwright, artist and filmmaker.<br/><br/> Cocteau is best known for his novel Les Enfants Terribles (1929), and the films Blood of a Poet (1930), Les Parents Terribles (1948), Beauty and the Beast (1946) and Orpheus (1949). His circle of associates, friends and lovers included Kenneth Anger, Pablo Picasso, Jean Hugo, Jean Marais, Henri Bernstein, Yul Brynner, Marlene Dietrich, Coco Chanel, Erik Satie, Igor Stravinsky, María Félix, Édith Piaf, Panama Al Brown, Colette, Jean Genet, and Raymond Radiguet.
Julius Martov or L. Martov, real name Yuli Osipovich Zederbaum (November 24, 1873 – April 4, 1923) was born in Istanbul in 1873.<br/><br/> The son of Jewish middle class parents, he became the leader of the Mensheviks in early twentieth century Russia.<br/><br/> This image, taken by Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya (1869-1939) at St Petersburg in 1897, shows (left to right) standing: A.L. Malchenko, P. K. Zaporozhets, A. A. Vaneyev; and seated: V. V. Starkov, G. M. Krzhizhanovsky, V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin) and Julius Martov.
Sikkim is a landlocked Indian state located in the Himalayan mountains. The state is bordered by Nepal to the west, China's Tibet Autonomous Region to the north and east, and Bhutan to the east. The Indian state of West Bengal lies to the south.<br/><br/> According to legend, the Buddhist guru Padmasambhava visited Sikkim in the 8th century CE, introduced Buddhism and foretold the era of the Sikkimese monarchy. Sikkim's Namgyal dynasty was established in 1642. Over the next 150 years, the kingdom witnessed frequent raids and territorial losses to Nepalese invaders. In the 19th century, it allied itself with British India, eventually becoming a British protectorate. In 1975, a referendum abolished the Sikkimese monarchy, and the territory was merged with India.
Fatmawati (5 February 1923 – 14 May 1980) is a National Hero of Indonesia (Indonesian: Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia). As the first Indonesian First Lady, she was the third wife of Sukarno, the first president of Indonesia, and the mother of Indonesia's first female president, Megawati Sukarnoputri.<br/><br/> She designed and sewed the first flag flown by independent Indonesia.
The Great Kantō earthquake (関東大震災 Kantō daishinsai) struck the Kantō Plain on the Japanese main island of Honshū at 11:58 in the morning on Saturday, September 1, 1923. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and 10 minutes. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake later surpassed that record, at magnitude 9.0.<br/><br/> The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.9 on the Moment magnitude scale (Mw), with its focus deep beneath Izu Ōshima Island in the Sagami Bay. The cause was a rupture of part of the convergent boundary where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate along the line of the Sagami Trough.<br/><br/> This earthquake devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kantō region. The power was so great in Kamakura, over 60 km (37 mi) from the epicenter, it moved the Great Buddha statue, which weighs about 93 short tons (84,000 kg), almost two feet.<br/><br/> Estimated casualties totaled about 142,800 deaths, including about 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead. The damage from this natural disaster was the greatest sustained by prewar Japan. In 1960, the government declared September 1, the anniversary of the quake, as an annual 'Disaster Prevention Day'.<br/><br/> According to the Japanese conclusive report, 105,385 deaths were confirmed in the 1923 quake.
The rue Catinat (Catinat street) is a street, now called Dong Khoi, in Ho Chi Minh City, the former Saigon. It was named for Nicolas Catinat, a 17th and 18th century French marshal.<br/><br/> Former Emperor Bảo Đại made Saigon the capital of the State of Vietnam in 1949 with himself as head of state. After the Việt Minh gained control of North Vietnam in 1954, it became common to refer to the Saigon government as 'South Vietnam'.<br/><br/> The government was renamed the Republic of Vietnam when Bảo Đại was deposed by his Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem in a fraudulent referendum in 1955. Saigon and Cholon, an adjacent city with many Sino-Vietnamese residents, were combined into an administrative unit called Đô Thành Sài Gòn (Capital City Saigon).
Aubrey Nigel Henry Molyneux Herbert (1880 – 26 September 1923) was a British diplomat, traveller, and intelligence officer associated with Albanian independence. Twice he was offered the throne of Albania.<br/><br/> From 1911 until his death, he was a Conservative Member of Parliament.
Julius Martov or L. Martov, real name Yuli Osipovich Zederbaum (November 24, 1873 – April 4, 1923) was born in Istanbul in 1873.<br/><br/> The son of Jewish middle class parents, he became the leader of the Mensheviks in early twentieth century Russia.
John Venn FRS (4 August 1834 – 4 April 1923), was a British logician and philosopher. He is famous for introducing the Venn diagram, which is used in many fields, including set theory, probability, logic, statistics, and computer science.
Old Kandahar (locally known as Zorr Shaar) was originally laid out by Alexander the Great in 330 BCE under the name Alexandria Arachosia. It served as the local seat of power for many rulers in the last 2,000 years, becoming part of many empires, including the Mauryans (322 BCE – 185 BCE), Indo-Scythians (200 BCE – 400 CE), Sassanids, Arabs, Zunbils, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Timurids, Mughals, Safavids, and others.
Aubrey Nigel Henry Molyneux Herbert (1880 – 26 September 1923) was a British diplomat, traveller, and intelligence officer associated with Albanian independence. Twice he was offered the throne of Albania.<br/><br/> From 1911 until his death, he was a Conservative Member of Parliament.
Kissinger served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as Secretary of State in the administrations of Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. After his term, his opinion was still sought by many following presidents and many world leaders.<br/><br/> A proponent of Realpolitik, Kissinger played a dominant role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977. During this period, he pioneered the policy of détente with the Soviet Union, orchestrated the opening of relations with the People's Republic of China, and negotiated the Paris Peace Accords, ending American involvement in the Vietnam War.<br/><br/> Various American policies of that era, including the bombing of Cambodia, remain controversial.
Also referred to as Prince Abhakorn of Chumphon, or the Prince of Chumphon, Kromluang Chumphon Khet Udomsak was a son of King Chulalongkorn, Rama V. He was educated at the Naval Academy in the United Kingdom and served as Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Navy. His statue has been erected in several coastal provinces and is highly revered by the people of Thailand, especially by mariners.<br/><br/> Admiral Prince Krom Luang Chumporn Khet Udomsak was the first member of the Thai royal family to graduate in naval education (1919). He was the commanding officer of HTMS Phra Ruang that sailed from Britain to Bangkok. This was the first time a Thai navy officer had ever commanded a royal gunship in a voyage between continents.
Also referred to as Prince Abhakorn of Chumphon, or the Prince of Chumphon, Kromluang Chumphon Khet Udomsak was a son of King Chulalongkorn, Rama V. He was educated at the Naval Academy in the United Kingdom and served as Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Navy. His statue has been erected in several coastal provinces and is highly revered by the people of Thailand, especially by mariners.<br/><br/> Admiral Prince Krom Luang Chumporn Khet Udomsak was the first member of the Thai royal family to graduate in naval education (1919). He was the commanding officer of HTMS Phra Ruang that sailed from Britain to Bangkok. This was the first time a Thai navy officer had ever commanded a royal gunship in a voyage between continents.
The Great Kantō earthquake (関東大震災 Kantō daishinsai) struck the Kantō Plain on the Japanese main island of Honshū at 11:58 in the morning on Saturday, September 1, 1923. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and 10 minutes. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake later surpassed that record, at magnitude 9.0.<br/><br/> The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.9 on the Moment magnitude scale (Mw), with its focus deep beneath Izu Ōshima Island in the Sagami Bay. The cause was a rupture of part of the convergent boundary where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate along the line of the Sagami Trough.<br/><br/> This earthquake devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kantō region. The power was so great in Kamakura, over 60 km (37 mi) from the epicenter, it moved the Great Buddha statue, which weighs about 93 short tons (84,000 kg), almost two feet.<br/><br/> Estimated casualties totaled about 142,800 deaths, including about 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead. The damage from this natural disaster was the greatest sustained by prewar Japan. In 1960, the government declared September 1, the anniversary of the quake, as an annual 'Disaster Prevention Day'.<br/><br/> According to the Japanese conclusive report, 105,385 deaths were confirmed in the 1923 quake.
The Great Kantō earthquake (関東大震災 Kantō daishinsai) struck the Kantō Plain on the Japanese main island of Honshū at 11:58 in the morning on Saturday, September 1, 1923. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and 10 minutes. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake later surpassed that record, at magnitude 9.0.<br/><br/> The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.9 on the Moment magnitude scale (Mw), with its focus deep beneath Izu Ōshima Island in the Sagami Bay. The cause was a rupture of part of the convergent boundary where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate along the line of the Sagami Trough.<br/><br/> This earthquake devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kantō region. The power was so great in Kamakura, over 60 km (37 mi) from the epicenter, it moved the Great Buddha statue, which weighs about 93 short tons (84,000 kg), almost two feet.<br/><br/> Estimated casualties totaled about 142,800 deaths, including about 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead. The damage from this natural disaster was the greatest sustained by prewar Japan. In 1960, the government declared September 1, the anniversary of the quake, as an annual 'Disaster Prevention Day'.<br/><br/> According to the Japanese conclusive report, 105,385 deaths were confirmed in the 1923 quake.
The Great Kantō earthquake (関東大震災 Kantō daishinsai) struck the Kantō Plain on the Japanese main island of Honshū at 11:58 in the morning on Saturday, September 1, 1923. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and 10 minutes. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake later surpassed that record, at magnitude 9.0.<br/><br/> The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.9 on the Moment magnitude scale (Mw), with its focus deep beneath Izu Ōshima Island in the Sagami Bay. The cause was a rupture of part of the convergent boundary where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate along the line of the Sagami Trough.<br/><br/> This earthquake devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kantō region. The power was so great in Kamakura, over 60 km (37 mi) from the epicenter, it moved the Great Buddha statue, which weighs about 93 short tons (84,000 kg), almost two feet.<br/><br/> Estimated casualties totaled about 142,800 deaths, including about 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead. The damage from this natural disaster was the greatest sustained by prewar Japan. In 1960, the government declared September 1, the anniversary of the quake, as an annual 'Disaster Prevention Day'.<br/><br/> According to the Japanese conclusive report, 105,385 deaths were confirmed in the 1923 quake.
Title page from a Han-Nom edition of 'Luu Binh dien ca', woodblock printed in Hanoi, 1923. The text concerns a wife’s admonition to her husband as well as the promises of the husband. Chu Nom is an obsolete writing system of the Vietnamese language. It makes use of Chinese characters (known as Han Tu in Vietnamese), and characters coined following the Chinese model. The earliest known example of Chu Nom dates to the 13th century. It was used almost exclusively by the Vietnamese elite, mostly for recording Vietnamese literature (formal writings were, in most cases, not done in Vietnamese, but in classical Chinese). It has almost been completely replaced by Quoc Ngu, a script based on the Latin alphabet.
The Great Kantō earthquake (関東大震災 Kantō daishinsai) struck the Kantō Plain on the Japanese main island of Honshū at 11:58 in the morning on Saturday, September 1, 1923. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and 10 minutes. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake later surpassed that record, at magnitude 9.0.<br/><br/> The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.9 on the Moment magnitude scale (Mw), with its focus deep beneath Izu Ōshima Island in the Sagami Bay. The cause was a rupture of part of the convergent boundary where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate along the line of the Sagami Trough.<br/><br/> This earthquake devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kantō region. The power was so great in Kamakura, over 60 km (37 mi) from the epicenter, it moved the Great Buddha statue, which weighs about 93 short tons (84,000 kg), almost two feet.<br/><br/> Estimated casualties totaled about 142,800 deaths, including about 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead. The damage from this natural disaster was the greatest sustained by prewar Japan. In 1960, the government declared September 1, the anniversary of the quake, as an annual 'Disaster Prevention Day'.<br/><br/> According to the Japanese conclusive report, 105,385 deaths were confirmed in the 1923 quake.
The Great Kantō earthquake (関東大震災 Kantō daishinsai) struck the Kantō Plain on the Japanese main island of Honshū at 11:58 in the morning on Saturday, September 1, 1923. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and 10 minutes. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake later surpassed that record, at magnitude 9.0.<br/><br/> The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.9 on the Moment magnitude scale (Mw), with its focus deep beneath Izu Ōshima Island in the Sagami Bay. The cause was a rupture of part of the convergent boundary where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate along the line of the Sagami Trough.<br/><br/> This earthquake devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kantō region. The power was so great in Kamakura, over 60 km (37 mi) from the epicenter, it moved the Great Buddha statue, which weighs about 93 short tons (84,000 kg), almost two feet.<br/><br/> Estimated casualties totaled about 142,800 deaths, including about 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead. The damage from this natural disaster was the greatest sustained by prewar Japan. In 1960, the government declared September 1, the anniversary of the quake, as an annual 'Disaster Prevention Day'.<br/><br/> According to the Japanese conclusive report, 105,385 deaths were confirmed in the 1923 quake.
Galyani Vadhana, the Princess of Narathiwat (Thai: กัลยาณิวัฒนา; RTGS: Kanlayaniwatthana; 6 May 1923 – 2 January 2008) was a princess of Thailand and the elder sister of King Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII) and King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX).<br/><br/> She was also a direct granddaughter of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V).
The Great Kantō earthquake (関東大震災 Kantō daishinsai) struck the Kantō Plain on the Japanese main island of Honshū at 11:58 in the morning on Saturday, September 1, 1923. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and 10 minutes. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake later surpassed that record, at magnitude 9.0.<br/><br/> The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.9 on the Moment magnitude scale (Mw), with its focus deep beneath Izu Ōshima Island in the Sagami Bay. The cause was a rupture of part of the convergent boundary where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate along the line of the Sagami Trough.<br/><br/> This earthquake devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kantō region. The power was so great in Kamakura, over 60 km (37 mi) from the epicenter, it moved the Great Buddha statue, which weighs about 93 short tons (84,000 kg), almost two feet.<br/><br/> Estimated casualties totaled about 142,800 deaths, including about 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead. The damage from this natural disaster was the greatest sustained by prewar Japan. In 1960, the government declared September 1, the anniversary of the quake, as an annual 'Disaster Prevention Day'.<br/><br/> According to the Japanese conclusive report, 105,385 deaths were confirmed in the 1923 quake.
Walter Spies (15 September 1895 – 19 January 1942) was a Russian-born German primitivist painter. In 1923 he came to Java, living first in Yogyakarta and then in Ubud, Bali starting in 1927. He is often credited with attracting the attention of Western cultural figures to Balinese culture and art. As a German national in the Dutch East Indies during World War II, Spies was arrested and deported. However, a Japanese bomb hit the ship that was carrying him to Ceylon, and most of the prisoners on the ship, including Spies, drowned.
The Great Kantō earthquake (関東大震災 Kantō daishinsai) struck the Kantō Plain on the Japanese main island of Honshū at 11:58 in the morning on Saturday, September 1, 1923. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and 10 minutes. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake later surpassed that record, at magnitude 9.0.<br/><br/> The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.9 on the Moment magnitude scale (Mw), with its focus deep beneath Izu Ōshima Island in the Sagami Bay. The cause was a rupture of part of the convergent boundary where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate along the line of the Sagami Trough.<br/><br/> This earthquake devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kantō region. The power was so great in Kamakura, over 60 km (37 mi) from the epicenter, it moved the Great Buddha statue, which weighs about 93 short tons (84,000 kg), almost two feet.<br/><br/> Estimated casualties totaled about 142,800 deaths, including about 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead. The damage from this natural disaster was the greatest sustained by prewar Japan. In 1960, the government declared September 1, the anniversary of the quake, as an annual 'Disaster Prevention Day'.<br/><br/> According to the Japanese conclusive report, 105,385 deaths were confirmed in the 1923 quake.
Comfort women were women and girls forced into a prostitution corps created by the Empire of Japan during World War II. The name 'comfort women' is a translation of a Japanese name <i>ianfu</i> (慰安婦). Ianfu is a euphemism for <i>shōfu</i> (娼婦) whose meaning is 'prostitute'.<br/><br/> Estimates vary as to how many women were involved, with numbers ranging from as low as 20,000 to as high as 400,000, but the exact numbers are still being researched and debated. Many of the women were from occupied countries, including Korea, China, and the Philippines, although women from Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Taiwan, Indonesia and other Japanese-occupied territories were used for military brothels.<br/><br/> Stations were located in Japan, China, the Philippines, Indonesia, then Malaya, Thailand, Burma, New Guinea, Hong Kong, Macau, and French Indochina. A smaller number of women of European origin from the Netherlands and Australia were also involved.
The Great Kantō earthquake (関東大震災 Kantō daishinsai) struck the Kantō Plain on the Japanese main island of Honshū at 11:58 in the morning on Saturday, September 1, 1923. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and 10 minutes. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake later surpassed that record, at magnitude 9.0.<br/><br/> The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.9 on the Moment magnitude scale (Mw), with its focus deep beneath Izu Ōshima Island in the Sagami Bay. The cause was a rupture of part of the convergent boundary where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate along the line of the Sagami Trough.<br/><br/> This earthquake devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kantō region. The power was so great in Kamakura, over 60 km (37 mi) from the epicenter, it moved the Great Buddha statue, which weighs about 93 short tons (84,000 kg), almost two feet.<br/><br/> Estimated casualties totaled about 142,800 deaths, including about 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead. The damage from this natural disaster was the greatest sustained by prewar Japan. In 1960, the government declared September 1, the anniversary of the quake, as an annual 'Disaster Prevention Day'.<br/><br/> According to the Japanese conclusive report, 105,385 deaths were confirmed in the 1923 quake.
Bai people live mostly in the provinces of Yunnan (Dali area), and in neighboring Guizhou (Bijie area) and Hunan (Sangzhi area) provinces. Of the 2 million Bai people, eighty percent live in concentrated communities in the Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province.
Karekin Pastermadjian was born in Karin (present day Erzurum Province). He finished his elementary education as one of the first graduates of the Sanasarian College of Erzerum (Sanasarian Varjaran Academy) in 1891. Later in 1894, he continued his studies in France to study agriculture at the Agricultural School of Nancy-Université. During this period he was introduced to the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) and became part of the younger generation of Armenian students of ARF in Europe.<br/><br/> In the spring of 1917, when the Russian Revolution affected the Caucasus, Armen Garo was sent from the Caucasus to Petrograd to negotiate with the Russian provisional government concerning Caucasian affairs.<br/><br/> He left for America in June 1917 as the representative of the Armenian National Council of Tiflis.<br/><br/> He was elected to be ambassador of the First Republic of Armenia to the United States in Washington, D.C
The Great Kantō earthquake (関東大震災 Kantō daishinsai) struck the Kantō Plain on the Japanese main island of Honshū at 11:58 in the morning on Saturday, September 1, 1923. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and 10 minutes. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake later surpassed that record, at magnitude 9.0.<br/><br/> The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.9 on the Moment magnitude scale (Mw), with its focus deep beneath Izu Ōshima Island in the Sagami Bay. The cause was a rupture of part of the convergent boundary where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate along the line of the Sagami Trough.<br/><br/> This earthquake devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kantō region. The power was so great in Kamakura, over 60 km (37 mi) from the epicenter, it moved the Great Buddha statue, which weighs about 93 short tons (84,000 kg), almost two feet.<br/><br/> Estimated casualties totaled about 142,800 deaths, including about 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead. The damage from this natural disaster was the greatest sustained by prewar Japan. In 1960, the government declared September 1, the anniversary of the quake, as an annual 'Disaster Prevention Day'.<br/><br/> According to the Japanese conclusive report, 105,385 deaths were confirmed in the 1923 quake.
The Russian Revolution is the collective term for a series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Russian SFSR.<br/><br/> The Tsar was forced to abdicate and the old regime was replaced by a provisional government during the first revolution of February 1917 (March in the Gregorian calendar; the older Julian calendar was in use in Russia at the time).<br/><br/> In the second revolution, during October, the Provisional Government was removed and replaced with a Bolshevik (Communist) government.
The Great Kantō earthquake (関東大震災 Kantō daishinsai) struck the Kantō Plain on the Japanese main island of Honshū at 11:58 in the morning on Saturday, September 1, 1923. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and 10 minutes. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake later surpassed that record, at magnitude 9.0.<br/><br/> The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.9 on the Moment magnitude scale (Mw), with its focus deep beneath Izu Ōshima Island in the Sagami Bay. The cause was a rupture of part of the convergent boundary where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate along the line of the Sagami Trough.<br/><br/> This earthquake devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kantō region. The power was so great in Kamakura, over 60 km (37 mi) from the epicenter, it moved the Great Buddha statue, which weighs about 93 short tons (84,000 kg), almost two feet.<br/><br/> Estimated casualties totaled about 142,800 deaths, including about 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead. The damage from this natural disaster was the greatest sustained by prewar Japan. In 1960, the government declared September 1, the anniversary of the quake, as an annual 'Disaster Prevention Day'.<br/><br/> According to the Japanese conclusive report, 105,385 deaths were confirmed in the 1923 quake.
The Great Kantō earthquake (関東大震災 Kantō daishinsai) struck the Kantō Plain on the Japanese main island of Honshū at 11:58 in the morning on Saturday, September 1, 1923. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and 10 minutes. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake later surpassed that record, at magnitude 9.0.<br/><br/> The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.9 on the Moment magnitude scale (Mw), with its focus deep beneath Izu Ōshima Island in the Sagami Bay. The cause was a rupture of part of the convergent boundary where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate along the line of the Sagami Trough.<br/><br/> This earthquake devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kantō region. The power was so great in Kamakura, over 60 km (37 mi) from the epicenter, it moved the Great Buddha statue, which weighs about 93 short tons (84,000 kg), almost two feet.<br/><br/> Estimated casualties totaled about 142,800 deaths, including about 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead. The damage from this natural disaster was the greatest sustained by prewar Japan. In 1960, the government declared September 1, the anniversary of the quake, as an annual 'Disaster Prevention Day'.<br/><br/> According to the Japanese conclusive report, 105,385 deaths were confirmed in the 1923 quake.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–10 November 1938) was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey.<br/><br/> He is credited with being the founder of the modern Turkish state. Atatürk was a military officer during World War I. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence.<br/><br/> Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Allies. His military campaigns gained Turkey independence. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of political, economic, and cultural reforms, seeking to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern, westernized and secular nation-state.<br/><br/> The principles of Atatürk's reforms, upon which modern Turkey was established, are referred to as Kemalism.
Damdin Sukhbaatar (February 2, 1893 - February 20, 1923) was a Mongolian military leader in the 1921 revolution. He is remembered as one of the most important figures in Mongolia's struggle for independence. Sukhbaataryn Yanjmaa (1893 - 1963) served on the politburo of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party from 1940 until 1954, and was Secretary of the party's Central Committee from 1941 until 1947. She was a member of the Presidium of the Little Khural (the executive committee of the State Great Khural, or Parliament) from 1940 to 1950, and of the Great Khural from 1950 to 1962. Following the death of Gonchigiin Bumtsend, she served as acting President of Mongolia for the transitional period, lasting from 23 September 1953 until 7 July 1954.
Sukhbaataryn Yanjmaa (1893 - 1963) served on the politburo of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party from 1940 until 1954, and was Secretary of the party's Central Committee from 1941 until 1947. She was a member of the Presidium of the Little Khural (the executive committee of the State Great Khural, or Parliament) from 1940 to 1950, and of the Great Khural from 1950 to 1962. Following the death of Gonchigiin Bumtsend, she served as acting President of Mongolia for the transitional period, lasting from 23 September 1953 until 7 July 1954.
Damdin Sukhbaatar (February 2, 1893 - February 20, 1923) was a Mongolian military leader in the 1921 revolution. He is remembered as one of the most important figures in Mongolia's struggle for independence.
Damdin Sukhbaatar (February 2, 1893 - February 20, 1923) was a Mongolian military leader in the 1921 revolution. He is remembered as one of the most important figures in Mongolia's struggle for independence.
Damdin Sukhbaatar (February 2, 1893 - February 20, 1923) was a Mongolian military leader in the 1921 revolution. He is remembered as one of the most important figures in Mongolia's struggle for independence.
Damdin Sukhbaatar (February 2, 1893 - February 20, 1923) was a Mongolian military leader in the 1921 revolution. He is remembered as one of the most important figures in Mongolia's struggle for independence.
Damdin Sukhbaatar (February 2, 1893 - February 20, 1923) was a Mongolian military leader in the 1921 revolution. Mongolian representative S. Danzan and D. Sukhbaatar (as Mongolian War Minister) were sent by Bogd Khan as negotiaters to the first Mongolian international agreement since the ousting of Chinese occupiers during the Mongolian national revolution of 1921. Soliin Danzan (1885 – 1924) was a Mongolian revolutionary and chairman of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party.
Damdin Sukhbaatar (February 2, 1893 - February 20, 1923) was a Mongolian military leader in the 1921 revolution. He is remembered as one of the most important figures in Mongolia's struggle for independence. Khorloogiin Choibalsan joined with Sukhbaatar to form the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. After the Mongolian and Soviet Red Army forces entered Urga in 1921 and established a pro-Soviet government, Choibalsan became deputy war minister. Over the following years Choibalsan came to dominate his country's leadership and by about 1940 his position was unrivaled in his own country. He served both as head of state (Chairman of the Presidium of the State Little Hural, 1929–1930) and head of government (Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, 1939–1952). He is sometimes accorded the military rank of Marshal. Choibalsan was a close follower of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and emulated his policies in many ways including the ruthless elimination of rivals for power and harsh treatment of landowners.
Damdin Sukhbaatar (February 2, 1893 - February 20, 1923) was a Mongolian military leader in the 1921 revolution. He is remembered as one of the most important figures in Mongolia's struggle for independence.
Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923) was the 29th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1921 until his death in 1923.<br/><br/> At the time of his death, he was one of the most popular presidents, but the subsequent exposure of scandals that took place under his administration eroded his popular regard.<br/><br/> Harding died of a cerebral hemorrhage caused by heart disease in San Francisco while on a western speaking tour; he was succeeded by his vice president, Calvin Coolidge.
Kissinger served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as Secretary of State in the administrations of Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. After his term, his opinion was still sought by many following presidents and many world leaders.<br/><br/> A proponent of Realpolitik, Kissinger played a dominant role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977. During this period, he pioneered the policy of détente with the Soviet Union, orchestrated the opening of relations with the People's Republic of China, and negotiated the Paris Peace Accords, ending American involvement in the Vietnam War.<br/><br/> Various American policies of that era, including the bombing of Cambodia, remain controversial.
Pope Shenouda III, born Nazeer Gayed Roufail, 3 August 1923 – 17 March 2012, was the 117th Pope of Alexandria and the Patriarch of All Africa on the Holy Apostolic Seat of Saint Mark the Evangelist of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. He was also the head of the Holy Synod of the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria. He was a conservative figure within the Church, and also respected within the Muslim community.
Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (born Bönickhausen, 15 December 1832 – 27 December 1923) was a French civil engineer and architect. A graduate of the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, he made his name with various bridges for the French railway network, most famously the Garabit viaduct.<br/><br/> He is best known for the world-famous Eiffel Tower, built for the 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris, France. After his retirement from engineering, Eiffel concentrated his energies on research into meteorology and aerodynamics, making important contributions in both fields.<br/><br/> Eiffel's best-known works in Asia are the General Post Office in Saigon (1886-1891) and the Truong Tien Bridge in Hue (1897-1899). The iconic Long Bien Bridge across the Red River at Hanoi is frequently misattributed to Eiffel, but was in fact designed and built by the French company Dayde and Pille.
John Calvin Coolidge Jr. (July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the 30th President of the United States (1923–29). A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state.<br/><br/> He was elected as the 29th vice president in 1920 and succeeded to the presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative.<br/><br/> Coolidge's retirement was relatively short, as he died at the age of 60 in January 1933, less than two months before his direct successor, Herbert Hoover, left office.
Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923) was the 29th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1921 until his death in 1923.<br/><br/> At the time of his death, he was one of the most popular presidents, but the subsequent exposure of scandals that took place under his administration eroded his popular regard.<br/><br/> Harding died of a cerebral hemorrhage caused by heart disease in San Francisco while on a western speaking tour; he was succeeded by his vice president, Calvin Coolidge.
Damdin Sukhbaatar (February 2, 1893 - February 20, 1923) was a Mongolian military leader in the 1921 revolution. He is remembered as one of the most important figures in Mongolia's struggle for independence.