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Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977. Prior to this he was the 40th Vice President of the United States, serving from 1973 until President Richard Nixon's resignation in 1974.
Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977. Prior to this he was the 40th Vice President of the United States, serving from 1973 until President Richard Nixon's resignation in 1974.
George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) is an American politician who was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989.<br/><br/> A member of the U.S. Republican Party, he was previously a congressman, ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence.
James Earl 'Jimmy' Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Carter Center.<br/><br/> Carter, a Democrat raised in rural Georgia, was a peanut farmer who served two terms as a Georgia State Senator, from 1963 to 1967, and one as the Governor of Georgia, from 1971 to 1975. He was elected President in 1976, defeating incumbent President Gerald Ford in a relatively close election; the Electoral College margin of 57 votes was the closest at that time since 1916.<br/><br/> On his second day in office, Carter pardoned all evaders of the Vietnam War drafts.
James Earl 'Jimmy' Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Carter Center.<br/><br/> Carter, a Democrat raised in rural Georgia, was a peanut farmer who served two terms as a Georgia State Senator, from 1963 to 1967, and one as the Governor of Georgia, from 1971 to 1975. He was elected President in 1976, defeating incumbent President Gerald Ford in a relatively close election; the Electoral College margin of 57 votes was the closest at that time since 1916.<br/><br/> On his second day in office, Carter pardoned all evaders of the Vietnam War drafts.
The Hemudu culture (5500 to 3300 BCE) was a Neolithic culture that flourished just south of the Hangzhou Bay area in Jiangnan in modern Yuyao, Zhejiang Province. The culture may be divided into early and late phases, before and after 4000 BCE respectively.<br/><br/> The Hemudu people lived in long, stilt houses. Communal longhouses were also common in Hemudu settlements. The Hemudu were one of the earliest cultures to cultivate rice. Scholars view the Hemudu culture as a source of many proto-Austronesian cultures.
Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish avant-garde novelist, playwright, theatre director, and poet, who lived in Paris for most of his adult life and wrote in both English and French. His work offers a bleak, tragicomic outlook on human nature, often coupled with black comedy and gallows humour.<br/><br/> Beckett is widely regarded as among the most influential writers of the 20th century. He is considered one of the last modernists. As an inspiration to many later writers, he is also sometimes considered one of the first postmodernists.<br/><br/> Beckett was awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize in Literature. He was elected Saoi ('wise one') of Aosdana (Irish Association of Artists) in 1984.
Hua Guofeng (16 February 1921 – 20 August 2008), was Mao Zedong's designated successor as the paramount leader of the Communist Party of China and the People's Republic of China. Upon Zhou Enlai's death in 1976, he succeeded him as the second Premier of the People's Republic of China.<br/><br/> Ne Win (24 May or 14 May 1911 or 10 July 1910 – 5 December 2002) was a politician and military commander. He was Prime Minister of Burma from 1958 to 1960 and 1962 to 1974 and also head of state from 1962 to 1981. He also was the founder and from 1963 to 1988 the Chairman of the Burma Socialist Programme Party, which from 1964 until 1988 was the sole political party in the Burmese nation state.
The Arab Liberation Army (Jaysh al-Inqadh al-Arabi), also translated as Arab Salvation Army, was an army of volunteers from Arab countries led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji. It fought on the Arab side in the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.<br/><br/> Fawzi al-Qawuqji was born in 1890 into a Turkoman family in the Syrian-Lebanese city of Tripoli, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire. He has been described as Arab nationalism's leading military figure in the interwar period.
Full-length illustration of a fashionably dressed flapper standing with one hand on her hip and a cigarette in the other hand.<br/><br/> Flappers were a generation of young Western women in the 1920s who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior.<br/><br/> Flappers were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup, drinking, treating sex in a casual manner, smoking, driving automobiles, and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms. Flappers had their origins in the liberal period of the Roaring Twenties, the social, political turbulence and increased transatlantic cultural exchange that followed the end of World War I, as well as the export of American jazz culture to Europe.
Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, logician, political commentator, social justice activist, and anarcho-syndicalist. Sometimes described as the 'father of modern linguistics', Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy.<br/><br/> Chomsky has spent most of his career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he is currently Professor Emeritus, and has authored over 100 books.
Makarios III, born Michail Christodoulou Mouskos (August 13, 1913 – August 3, 1977), was the archbishop and primate of the autocephalous Church of Cyprus, a Greek Orthodox Church (1950–1977), and the first President of the Republic of Cyprus (1960–1974 and 1974–1977).<br/><br/> In his three terms as President of Cyprus (1960–1977), he survived four assassination attempts and a 1974 coup.
Su Zhu, better known by the nom de guerre Hua Guofeng (16 February 1921 – 20 August 2008), was Mao Zedong's designated successor as the paramount leader of the Communist Party of China and the People's Republic of China.<br/><br/> Upon Zhou Enlai's death in 1976, he succeeded him as the second Premier of the People's Republic of China. Months later, Mao died, and Hua succeeded Mao as the Chairman of the Communist Party of China, to the surprise and dismay of Jiang Qing and the rest of the Gang of Four. He brought the Cultural Revolution to an end and ousted the Gang of Four from political power, but because of his insistence on continuing the Maoist line, he was himself outmaneuvered a few years later by Deng Xiaoping, who forced Hua into early retirement.
General Kriangsak Chomanan (17 December 1917 – 23 December 2003) served as Prime Minister of Thailand from 1977 to 1980.<br/><br/> A professional soldier, General Kriangsak fought against the communists in both the Korean War and the Vietnam War. In 1977, as the Supreme Commander of the Thai army, he staged a successful coup d'etat against Prime Minister Tanin Kraivixien.<br/><br/> General Kriangsak is widely credited for defusing a long-running Communist insurgency in northern Thailand. Allegedly, he allowed the People's Republic of China to ship arms to the rebel Khmer Rouge in Cambodia in exchange for the PRC withdrawing its support of the communists in Thailand. However this is denied by the Thai government, which cites his offer of amnesty as the primary reason.<br/><br/> General Kriangsak voluntarily retired in February 1980 and was succeeded by General Prem Tinsulanonda.
Meng Xiaodong was born in Shanghai in 1907 and by the age of 13 was already singing Peking Opera at the Da Shijie 'Great World' Entertainment Complex. During the course of her professional career she sang all over China, always returning to Shanghai. In Chinese opera, she always played bearded men.<br/><br/> In 1925, Shanghai-born 18 year-old Meng Xiaodong met Mei Lanfang for the first time while performing on stage together during a minister's birthday party in Beijing. Over a year later, she married Mei and became his third wife. They had a daughter together just before their marriage ended in 1931. Reportedly, they never spoke to each other again. In a strange twist of fate, Meng Xiaodong later became the concubine and then fifth wife of Shanghai gangster, Green Gang leader and right wing politician Du Yuesheng ('Big Ears Du').<br/><br/> Meng Xiaodong moved to Taiwan in the 1960s, died in 1977, and is buried in the Buddhist cemetery at Jinglu Temple at Shanjia, Shulin in Taipei County.
Meng Xiaodong was born in Shanghai in 1907 and by the age of 13 was already singing Peking Opera at the Da Shijie 'Great World' Entertainment Complex. During the course of her professional career she sang all over China, always returning to Shanghai. In Chinese opera, she always played bearded men.<br/><br/> In 1925, Shanghai-born 18 year-old Meng Xiaodong met Mei Lanfang for the first time while performing on stage together during a minister's birthday party in Beijing. Over a year later, she married Mei and became his third wife. They had a daughter together just before their marriage ended in 1931. Reportedly, they never spoke to each other again. In a strange twist of fate, Meng Xiaodong later became the concubine and then fifth wife of Shanghai gangster, Green Gang leader and right wing politician Du Yuesheng ('Big Ears Du').<br/><br/> Meng Xiaodong moved to Taiwan in the 1960s, died in 1977, and is buried in the Buddhist cemetery at Jinglu Temple at Shanjia, Shulin in Taipei County.
Meng Xiaodong was born in Shanghai in 1907 and by the age of 13 was already singing Peking Opera at the Da Shijie 'Great World' Entertainment Complex. During the course of her professional career she sang all over China, always returning to Shanghai. In Chinese opera, she always played bearded men.<br/><br/> In 1925, Shanghai-born 18 year-old Meng Xiaodong met Mei Lanfang for the first time while performing on stage together during a minister's birthday party in Beijing. Over a year later, she married Mei and became his third wife. They had a daughter together just before their marriage ended in 1931. Reportedly, they never spoke to each other again. In a strange twist of fate, Meng Xiaodong later became the concubine and then fifth wife of Shanghai gangster, Green Gang leader and right wing politician Du Yuesheng ('Big Ears Du').<br/><br/> Meng Xiaodong moved to Taiwan in the 1960s, died in 1977, and is buried in the Buddhist cemetery at Jinglu Temple at Shanjia, Shulin in Taipei County.
Meng Xiaodong was born in Shanghai in 1907 and by the age of 13 was already singing Peking Opera at the Da Shijie 'Great World' Entertainment Complex. During the course of her professional career she sang all over China, always returning to Shanghai. In Chinese opera, she always played bearded men.<br/><br/> In 1925, Shanghai-born 18 year-old Meng Xiaodong met Mei Lanfang for the first time while performing on stage together during a minister's birthday party in Beijing. Over a year later, she married Mei and became his third wife. They had a daughter together just before their marriage ended in 1931. Reportedly, they never spoke to each other again. In a strange twist of fate, Meng Xiaodong later became the concubine and then fifth wife of Shanghai gangster, Green Gang leader and right wing politician Du Yuesheng ('Big Ears Du').<br/><br/> Meng Xiaodong moved to Taiwan in the 1960s, died in 1977, and is buried in the Buddhist cemetery at Jinglu Temple at Shanjia, Shulin in Taipei County.
Khmer Rouge leader, Yun Yat, at Anlong Veng c.1996. Yun Yat, alias Comrade At, was the wife of Son Sen, Defence Minister of Democratic Kampuchea. On October 9, 1975, the Standing Committee of Communist Party of Kampuchea placed her in charge of information and education. In 1977, she was appointed as Information Minister. On June 10, 1997 Khieu Samphan declared that Yun Yat and Son Sen had been arrested as spies of Hun Sen and Vietnam, and declared as traitors. Yun Yat, Son Sen and eight relatives were executed on June 15, 1997 on the orders of Pol Pot. Khmer Rouge photograph.
Tuol Sleng (S 21) Prison: A group of young Khmer Rouge prison guards, c.1977. Although permanently in danger of arrest themselves, these guards were privileged by DK standards - note the good quality uniforms, wrist watches and pens in top pockets, the latter indicative of senior rank. S-21, or Tuol Sleng, is a former high school which was used as the notorious Security Prison 21 (S-21) by the Khmer Rouge communist regime from its rise to power in 1975 to its fall in 1979. Tuol Sleng means "Hill of the Poisonous Trees" or "Strychnine Hill".
Kang Kek Iew or Kaing Kek Iev, Kaing Guek Eav (Comrade Duch or Deuch), a Sino-Khmer with the Chinese name Hang Pin, was born 17 November 1942 in Choyaot village, Kampong Chen subdistrict, Kampong Thom Province. He is best known for heading the Khmer Rouge special branch (Santebal) and running the infamous Tuol Sleng (S-21) prison camp in Phnom Penh. The first Khmer Rouge leader to be tried by the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia for the crimes of the regime, he was convicted of crimes against humanity, murder, and torture for his role in the Cambodian Holocaust and sentenced to 35 years' imprisonment.
This is a rare picture of Nuon Chea, 'Brother No 2' and Pol Pot's closest confidant, during the Democratic Kampuchea period. Nuon Chea, aka Long Bunruot, was born in Battambang Province in 1926. A Sino-Khmer, originally named Lau Ben Kon, he studied at Bangkok's Thammasat University before going on to become the most secretive and ruthless Khmer Rouge theoretician.
Koy Thuon (1933-1977) was Khmer Rouge Secretary of the Northern Zone, Minister of Comerce and a Communist Party of Kampuchea Central Committee member. When arrested he was charged with womanising and immorality, being accused of having sexual relations with more than 100 women. He was also accused of being a CIA agent. He was tortured and executed at Tuol Sleng between January and April, 1977.
Khmer Rouge Leadership: Son Sen (left, spectacles), Ieng Sary (gesturing and talking to Son Sen) and Nuon Chea in a line at Pochentong Airport, Phnom Penh, c.1977. This is a rare picture of Nuon Chea, 'Brother No 2' and Pol Pot's closest confidant, from the Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge) period.
This is a rare picture of Nuon Chea, 'Brother No 2' and Pol Pot's closest confidant, during the Democratic Kampuchea period. Nuon Chea, aka Long Bunruot, was born in Battambang Province in 1926. A Sino-Khmer, originally named Lau Ben Kon, he studied at Bangkok's Thammasat University before going on to become the most secretive and ruthless Khmer Rouge theoretician.<br/><br/> The Khmer Rouge, or Communist Party of Kampuchea, ruled Cambodia from 1975 to 1979, led by Pol Pot, Nuon Chea, Ieng Sary, Son Sen and Khieu Samphan. It is remembered primarily for its brutality and policy of social engineering which resulted in millions of deaths. Its attempts at agricultural reform led to widespread famine, while its insistence on absolute self-sufficiency, even in the supply of medicine, led to the deaths of thousands from treatable diseases (such as malaria). Brutal and arbitrary executions and torture carried out by its cadres against perceived subversive elements, or during purges of its own ranks between 1976 and 1978, are considered to have constituted a genocide. Several former Khmer Rouge cadres are currently on trial for war crimes in Phnom Penh.
Khmer Rouge Leadership: Pol Pot = Brother No 1, Nuon Chea = Brother No 2, Ieng Sary = Brother No 3. Son Sen, Vorn Vet.
Mohammad Rezā Shāh Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, Shah of Persia (اOctober 1919 – 27 July 1980), ruled Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979. He was the second and last monarch of the House of Pahlavi of the Iranian monarchy. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi held several titles: His Imperial Majesty, Shahanshah (King of Kings, Emperor), Aryamehr (Light of the Aryans) and Bozorg Arteshtārān (Head of the Warriors).<br/><br/> Mohammad Reza Shah came to power during World War II after an Anglo-Soviet invasion forced the abdication of his father Reza Shah. During his reign, the Iranian oil industry was nationalized under Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh, and Iran marked the anniversary of 2,500 years of continuous monarchy since the founding of the Persian Empire by Cyrus the Great. The Shah's White Revolution, a series of economic and social reforms intended to transform Iran into a global power, succeeded in modernizing the nation, nationalizing many natural resources, and extending suffrage to women.<br/><br/> A secular Muslim himself, the Shah gradually lost support from the Shi'a clergy of Iran, particularly due to his strong policy of modernization, secularization, conflict with the traditional class of merchants known as bazaari, and recognition of Israel. Various additional controversial policies were enacted, including the banning of the communist Tudeh Party, and a general suppression of political dissent by Iran's intelligence agency, SAVAK. Amnesty International reported that in 1978 Iran had as many as 2,200 political prisoners, a number which multiplied rapidly as a result of the revolution.<br/><br/> Several other factors contributed to strong opposition to the Shah among certain groups within Iran, the most notable of which were the U.S. and UK backed coup d'état against Mosaddegh in 1953, clashes with Islamists, and increased communist activity. By 1979, political unrest had transformed into a revolution which, on 16 January, forced the Shah to leave Iran. Soon thereafter, the Iranian monarchy was formally abolished, and Iran was declared an Islamic republic. Facing likely execution should he return to Iran, he died in exile in Egypt, whose President, Anwar Sadat, had granted him asylum.
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was a Pakistani politician who served as the fourth President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and as the ninth Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977. He was the founder of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), the largest and most influential political party in Pakistan. His daughter Benazir Bhutto also served twice as prime minister. She was assassinated on 27 December 2007.<br/><br/> Educated at the University of California, Berkeley, in the United States and University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, Bhutto was noted for his economic initiatives and authoring and administrating Pakistan's nuclear weapons research programme, for this he is known as the Father of the Nuclear Programme.<br/><br/> He was executed in 1979 after the Supreme Court of Pakistan sentenced him to death for authorising the murder of a political opponent in a move that many believe was carried out under the directives of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.
Tanin Kraivixien or Thanin Kraivixien (born April 5, 1927 in Bangkok) was the prime minister of Thailand between 1976 and 1977. Tanin studied law at Thammasat University, Bangkok, graduating in 1948. He then went to the London School of Economics to continue with his studies in Law. He graduated in 1953 and in 1958 was called to the Bar at Gray's Inn.<br/><br/> Tanin is a highly respected lawyer in Thailand. His involvement with Thai politics did not begin until after the student massacre on the campus of Thammasat University and the following military coup on 6 October 1976. The military named Tanin to be Prime Minister on 8 October 1976. His administration ruled for just one year, until 20 October 1977, when he was deposed by the military.<br/><br/> His was the most right-wing administration in Thai history and perpetrated attacks on left-wing activists, communist sympathizers and progressive students due to the fear of communism, which had gained some popularity due to Communist Party of Thailand actions. The victory of communists in the neighboring countries of Laos, Cambodia and South Vietnam gave further reason to be concerned.<br/><br/> Tanin at present is one of the 18 members of the Privy Council to the King of Thailand, the most respected position Thai commoners can hold in the court of the monarch.
James Earl 'Jimmy' Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Carter Center.<br/><br/> Carter, a Democrat raised in rural Georgia, was a peanut farmer who served two terms as a Georgia State Senator, from 1963 to 1967, and one as the Governor of Georgia, from 1971 to 1975. He was elected President in 1976, defeating incumbent President Gerald Ford in a relatively close election; the Electoral College margin of 57 votes was the closest at that time since 1916.<br/><br/> On his second day in office, Carter pardoned all evaders of the Vietnam War drafts.
Meng Xiaodong was born in Shanghai in 1907 and by the age of 13 was already singing Peking Opera at the Da Shijie 'Great World' Entertainment Complex. During the course of her professional career she sang all over China, always returning to Shanghai. In Chinese opera, she always played bearded men.<br/><br/> In 1925, Shanghai-born 18 year-old Meng Xiaodong met Mei Lanfang for the first time while performing on stage together during a minister's birthday party in Beijing. Over a year later, she married Mei and became his third wife. They had a daughter together just before their marriage ended in 1931. Reportedly, they never spoke to each other again. In a strange twist of fate, Meng Xiaodong later became the concubine and then fifth wife of Shanghai gangster, Green Gang leader and right wing politician Du Yuesheng ('Big Ears Du').<br/><br/> Meng Xiaodong moved to Taiwan in the 1960s, died in 1977, and is buried in the Buddhist cemetery at Jinglu Temple at Shanjia, Shulin in Taipei County.
Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977. Prior to this he was the 40th Vice President of the United States, serving from 1973 until President Richard Nixon's resignation in 1974.
Muhammad Anwar Al Sadat (25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. He led the War of 1973 against Israel, making him a hero in Egypt and, for a time, throughout the Arab World. Afterwards he engaged in negotiations with Israel, culminating in the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty. This won him the Nobel Peace Prize but also made him unpopular among some Arabs, resulting in a temporary suspension of Egypt's membership in the Arab League, and eventually his assassination.<br/><br/> Jimmy Carter was the 39th President of the United States of America (January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981).