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Babylon (Arabic: Babil) was a significant city in ancient Mesopotamia, in the fertile plain between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The city was built upon the Euphrates, and divided in equal parts along its left and right banks, with steep embankments to contain the river's seasonal floods.<br/><br/> Babylon was originally a small Semitic Akkadian city dating from the period of the Akkadian Empire c. 2300 BCE. The town attained independence as part of a small city state with the rise of the First Amorite Babylonian Dynasty in 1894 BCE. Claiming to be the successor of the more ancient Sumero-Akkadian city of Eridu, Babylon eclipsed Nippur as the 'holy city' of Mesopotamia around the time Amorite king Hammurabi created the first short lived Babylonian Empire in the 18th century BC. Babylon grew and South Mesopotamia came to be known as Babylonia.<br/><br/> The empire quickly dissolved after Hammurabi's death and Babylon spent long periods under Assyrian, Kassite and Elamite domination. After being destroyed and then rebuilt by the Assyrians, Babylon became the capital of the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 609 to 539 BCE. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. After the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the city came under the rules of the Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian, Roman and Sassanid empires.
George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician who was the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 and 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. The eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush, he was born in New Haven, Connecticut.
Soong May-ling or Mei-ling, also known as Madame Chiang Kai-shek (Song Meiling, 1898-2003), First Lady of the Republic of China (ROC) and wife of President Chiang Kai-shek. She was a politician and painter.<br/><br/> The youngest and the last surviving of the three Soong sisters, she played a prominent role in the politics of the Republic of China and was the sister in law of Song Qingling, wife of President Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the Chinese Republic (1912).
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (22 April 1870 – 21 January 1924) was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist.<br/><br/> Lenin served as the leader of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1917, and then concurrently as Premier of the Soviet Union from 1922, until his death. Under his administration, the Russian Empire disintegrated and was replaced by the Soviet Union, a single-party constitutionally socialist state; all wealth including land, industry and business were nationalised.<br/><br/> Based in Marxism, his theoretical contributions to Marxist thought are known as Leninism.
Helene Bertha Amalie 'Leni' Riefenstahl (22 August 1902 – 8 September 2003) was a German film director, producer, screenwriter, editor, photographer, actress, dancer, and propagandist for the Nazis.
Vaclav Havel (5 October 1936 – 18 December 2011) was a Czech writer, philosopher, dissident, and statesman. From 1989 to 1992, he served as the last president of Czechoslovakia. He then served as the first president of the Czech Republic (1993–2003) after the Czech–Slovak split.<br/><br/> Within Czech literature, he is known for his plays, essays, and memoirs.
Helene Bertha Amalie 'Leni' Riefenstahl (22 August 1902 – 8 September 2003) was a German film director, producer, screenwriter, editor, photographer, actress, dancer, and propagandist for the Nazis.<br/><br/> Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician of Austrian origin who was the leader of the Nazi Party (NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Fuhrer ('leader') of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.<br/><br/> As dictator of Nazi Germany he initiated World War II in Europe and was a central figure of the Holocaust.
Teller immigrated to the United States in the 1930s, and was an early member of the Manhattan Project charged with developing the first atomic bombs. During this time he made a serious push to develop the first fusion-based weapons as well, but these were deferred until after World War II.<br/><br/> After his controversial testimony in the security clearance hearing of his former Los Alamos colleague J. Robert Oppenheimer, Teller was ostracized by much of the scientific community. He continued to find support from the U.S. government and military research establishment, particularly for his advocacy for nuclear energy development, a strong nuclear arsenal, and a vigorous nuclear testing program.<br/><br/> He was a co-founder of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and was both its director and associate director for many years.
Helene Bertha Amalie 'Leni' Riefenstahl (22 August 1902 – 8 September 2003) was a German film director, producer, screenwriter, editor, photographer, actress, dancer, and propagandist for the Nazis.
Sao Nang Hearn Kham, Daw Hearn Kham, (b. 26 May 1916 in Hsenwi d. 17 January 2003 in Canada) was the Mahadevi of Yawnghwe one of the most important Shan States. Her husband Sao Shwe Thaik was the 23d and last Saopha of Yawnghwe and became the first President of Burma. She had five children with him.<br/><br/> She was born as Hearn Kham on 26 May 1916 in Hsenwi, Northern Shan State, as the daughter of 65th Saopha Hkun Hsang Ton Hong of North Hsenwi. Her brother would be the 66th and last saopha of the state.<br/><br/> Together with her husband she participated in the 1946 - 1947 Pang Long Agreement. In post-independence Burma she became a M.P. for the constituency of Hsenwi between 1956 and 1960 and became known for her active role within the parliament.<br/><br/> Her husband was arrested in the Burmese coup d'état in March 1962 by the Revolutionary Council headed by General Ne Win and one of her sons, who was 17 at that time, was killed in the military coup, apparently the only casualty on the day of the disturbances. She fled with her family to Thailand in April 1962 and her husband died in prison in November the same year. While in exile she participated in the independence struggle of the Shan State. In 1964 Sao Nang Hearn Kham, together with her son Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe, helped to form the Shan State War Council (SSWC) and the Shan State Army (SSA), becoming Chairwoman of the SSWC.<br/><br/> Sao Nang Hearn Kham died on the 17th January 2003 in exile in Canada at the age of 86. Hso Khan Pha, one of her five children took up her cause of fighting for the liberation of the Shan people.
Helene Bertha Amalie 'Leni' Riefenstahl (22 August 1902 – 8 September 2003) was a German film director, producer, screenwriter, editor, photographer, actress, dancer, and propagandist for the Nazis.
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (22 April 1870 – 21 January 1924) was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist.<br/><br/> Lenin served as the leader of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1917, and then concurrently as Premier of the Soviet Union from 1922, until his death. Under his administration, the Russian Empire disintegrated and was replaced by the Soviet Union, a single-party constitutionally socialist state; all wealth including land, industry and business were nationalised.<br/><br/> Based in Marxism, his theoretical contributions to Marxist thought are known as Leninism.
Helene Bertha Amalie 'Leni' Riefenstahl (22 August 1902 – 8 September 2003) was a German film director, producer, screenwriter, editor, photographer, actress, dancer, and propagandist for the Nazis.
Soong May-ling or Mei-ling, also known as Madame Chiang Kai-shek (Song Meiling, 1898-2003), First Lady of the Republic of China (ROC) and wife of President Chiang Kai-shek. She was a politician and painter.<br/><br/> The youngest and the last surviving of the three Soong sisters, she played a prominent role in the politics of the Republic of China and was the sister in law of Song Qingling, wife of President Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the Chinese Republic (1912).
Soong May-ling or Mei-ling, also known as Madame Chiang Kai-shek (Song Meiling, 1898-2003), First Lady of the Republic of China (ROC) and wife of President Chiang Kai-shek. She was a politician and painter.<br/><br/> The youngest and the last surviving of the three Soong sisters, she played a prominent role in the politics of the Republic of China and was the sister in law of Song Qingling, wife of President Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the Chinese Republic (1912).
General Kriangsak Chomanan (17 December 1917 – 23 December 2003) served as Prime Minister of Thailand from 1977 to 1980.<br/><br/> A professional soldier, General Kriangsak fought against the communists in both the Korean War and the Vietnam War. In 1977, as the Supreme Commander of the Thai army, he staged a successful coup d'etat against Prime Minister Tanin Kraivixien.<br/><br/> General Kriangsak is widely credited for defusing a long-running Communist insurgency in northern Thailand. Allegedly, he allowed the People's Republic of China to ship arms to the rebel Khmer Rouge in Cambodia in exchange for the PRC withdrawing its support of the communists in Thailand. However this is denied by the Thai government, which cites his offer of amnesty as the primary reason.<br/><br/> General Kriangsak voluntarily retired in February 1980 and was succeeded by General Prem Tinsulanonda.
Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006, was the President of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolutionary Ba'ath Party, which espoused a mix of Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup that brought the party to long-term power. As president, Saddam maintained power during the Iran–Iraq War of 1980 through 1988, and throughout the Persian Gulf War of 1991. During these conflicts, Saddam suppressed several movements, particularly Shi'a and Kurdish movements seeking to overthrow the government or gain independence. In March 2003 the U.S. and its allies invaded Iraq, eventually deposing Saddam. Captured by U.S. forces on 13 December 2003, Saddam was brought to trial under the Iraqi interim government set up by U.S.-led forces. On 5 November 2006, he was convicted of charges related to the 1982 killing of 148 Iraqi Shi'ites convicted of planning an assassination attempt against him, and was sentenced to death by hanging. Saddam was executed on 30 December 2006.
The Nakasendō was one of the Five Routes constructed under Tokugawa Ieyasu, a series of roads linking the historical capitol of Edo with the rest of Japan.<br/><br/> The Nakasendō connected Edo with the then-capital of Kyoto. It was an alternate route to the Tōkaidō and travelled through the central part of Honshū, thus giving rise to its name, which means 'Central Mountain Road'. Along this road, there were sixty-nine different post stations (<i>-shuku</i> or <i>-juku</i>), which provided stables, food, and lodging for travelers.<br/><br/>
Marriage of Chiang Kai Shek and Soong May Ling, Shanghai, December 1 1927. Soong May-ling or Mei-ling, also known as Madame Chiang Kai-shek (Song Meiling, 1898-2003), First Lady of the Republic of China (ROC) and wife of President Chiang Kai-shek.<br/><br/> She was a politician and painter. The youngest and the last surviving of the three Soong sisters, she played a prominent role in the politics of the Republic of China and was the sister in law of Song Qingling, wife of President Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the Chinese Republic (1912).
Soong May-ling or Mei-ling, also known as Madame Chiang Kai-shek (Song Meiling, 1898-2003), First Lady of the Republic of China (ROC) and wife of President Chiang Kai-shek. She was a politician and painter. The youngest and the last surviving of the three Soong sisters, she played a prominent role in the politics of the Republic of China and was the sister in law of Song Qingling, wife of President Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the Chinese Republic (1912).
Marriage of Chiang Kai Shek and Soong May Ling, Shanghai, December 1 1927. Soong May-ling or Mei-ling, also known as Madame Chiang Kai-shek (Song Meiling, 1898-2003), First Lady of the Republic of China (ROC) and wife of President Chiang Kai-shek. She was a politician and painter. The youngest and the last surviving of the three Soong sisters, she played a prominent role in the politics of the Republic of China and was the sister in law of Song Qingling, wife of President Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the Chinese Republic (1912).
Soong May-ling or Mei-ling, also known as Madame Chiang Kai-shek (Song Meiling, 1898-2003), First Lady of the Republic of China (ROC) and wife of President Chiang Kai-shek. She was a politician and painter. The youngest and the last surviving of the three Soong sisters, she played a prominent role in the politics of the Republic of China and was the sister in law of Song Qingling, wife of President Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the Chinese Republic (1912).
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala (born June 13, 1954) was Finance Minister and Foreign Minister of Nigeria, notable for being the first woman to hold either of those positions. She served as finance minister from July 2003 until her appointment as foreign minister in June 2006, and as foreign minister until her resignation in August 2006. On October 4 2007 she was appointed as Managing Director of the World Bank. She retired from the position in July 2011.
Thillaiyampalam Sivanesan (October 16, 1963 - May 18, 2009), also known by his nom de guerre, Colonel Soosai, was the head of the Sea Tigers, the naval wing of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. He was killed by the Sri Lankan Army on May 18, 2009. Image taken by Isak Berntsen and released into the Public Domain.