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Born in Oosterhout in 1857, Hurgronje became a theology student at Leiden University in 1874. He received his doctorate at Leiden in 1880 with his dissertation ‘Het Mekkaansche Feest’ ('The Festivities of Mecca'). He became a professor at the Leiden School for Colonial Civil Servants in 1881.<br/><br/> Snouck, who was fluent in Arabic, through mediation with the Ottoman governor in Jeddah, was examined by a delegation of scholars from Mecca in 1884 and upon successfully completing the examination made the pilgrimage to Mecca posing as a Muslim convert.<br/><br/> In 1889 he became professor of Malay at Leiden University and official advisor to the Dutch government on colonial affairs. He wrote more than 1,400 papers on the situation in Aceh and the position of Islam in the Dutch East Indies, as well as on the colonial civil service and nationalism.<br/><br/> As the adviser of J. B. van Heutsz, he took an active role in the final part (1898–1905) of the Aceh War (1873–1914). He used his knowledge of Islamic culture to devise strategies which significantly helped crush the resistance of the Aceh inhabitants and impose Dutch colonial rule on them, ending a 40 year war with varying casualty estimates of between 50,000 and 100,000 inhabitants dead and about a million wounded.<br/><br/> He returned to the Netherlands in 1906. Back in Leiden, Snouck continued a successful academic career.
Yashima Gakutei was a Japanese artist and poet who was a pupil of both Totoya Hokkei and Hokusai. Gakutei is best known for his kyoka poetry and surimono woodblock works.
Guido Herman Fridolin Verbeck (born Verbeek) (28 January 1830 – 10 May 1898) was a Dutch political advisor, educator, and missionary active in Bakumatsu and Meiji period Japan. He was one of the most important o-yatoi gaikokujin (foreign advisors) serving the Meiji government and contributed to many major government decisions during the early years of the reign of Emperor Meiji.
Born in 1901 in an ancient city, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, Mr. Pai-chuan Tao graduated with dual degrees in literature and law from the University of Law, Shanghai. In 1934, he went to Harvard University to study law and politics.<br/><br/> Following his return to China he published several dozen books on law, political system and international politics that introduced new ideas and significantly contributed to the evolution of China’s own political institutions. Additionally, Mr. Tao served on various positions in the government and Kuomintang (the Nationalist Party). Mr. Tao was widely respected and served four consecutive terms on the National Council prior to the National Government selecting him as a member of the Council during the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).<br/><br/> In 1946, following the conclusion of WWII, Mr. Tao resigned from the National Council and became a member of Shanghai Municipal Assembly. In 1947, he was selected as a member of the Control Yuan of the National Government. In 1977, Mr. Tao resigned from the Control Yuan and was appointed 'Presidential Advisor on National Policy. He died in 2002.
China: Empress Zhangxian Mingsu (969-1033), consort of Emperor Zhenzong, 3rd ruler of the Song Dynasty (r.997-1022). Hanging scroll painting, Song Dynasty (960-1279). Lady Liu, formally Zhangxian Mingsu, was the consort of Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty. Initially an entertainer and dancer, she caught the eye of the young Zhenzong, who back then was known as Prince Zhao Yuanxiu, and made her his consort when he became emperor. She eventually became empress and served as de facto co-ruler and regent when the emperor was sick from 1020 until 1022. She also served as regent for her adopted son, Emperor Renzong, who was still a minor at the time of his ascension.
China: Empress Zhangxian Mingsu (969-1033), consort of Emperor Zhenzong, 3rd ruler of the Song Dynasty (r.997-1022). Hanging scroll painting, Song Dynasty (960-1279). Lady Liu, formally Zhangxian Mingsu, was the consort of Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty. Initially an entertainer and dancer, she caught the eye of the young Zhenzong, who back then was known as Prince Zhao Yuanxiu, and made her his consort when he became emperor. She eventually became empress and served as de facto co-ruler and regent when the emperor was sick from 1020 until 1022. She also served as regent for her adopted son, Emperor Renzong, who was still a minor at the time of his ascension.
China: Empress Zhangxian Mingsu (969-1033), consort of Emperor Zhenzong, 3rd ruler of the Song Dynasty (r.997-1022). Hanging scroll painting, Song Dynasty (960-1279). Lady Liu, formally Zhangxian Mingsu, was the consort of Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty. Initially an entertainer and dancer, she caught the eye of the young Zhenzong, who back then was known as Prince Zhao Yuanxiu, and made her his consort when he became emperor. She eventually became empress and served as de facto co-ruler and regent when the emperor was sick from 1020 until 1022. She also served as regent for her adopted son, Emperor Renzong, who was still a minor at the time of his ascension.