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Panama: 'The Capture of Puerto Bello, 21 November 1739'. Oil on canvas painting by George Chambers Senior (1803-1840), 1838.<br/><br/> Portobello was founded in 1597 by Spanish explorer Francisco Velarde y Mercado. From the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries it was an important silver-exporting port in New Granada on the Spanish Main and one of the ports on the route of the Spanish treasure fleets. It was attacked on November 21, 1739, and captured by a British fleet, commanded by Admiral Edward Vernon during the War of Jenkins' Ear.
Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) was the 44th President of the United States (2009 - 2017), as well as the first African American to hold the office.<br/><br/> Raul Modesto Castro Ruz (born 3 June 1931) is a Cuban politician and revolutionary who has been President of the Council of State of Cuba and the President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba since 2008; he previously exercised presidential powers in an acting capacity from 2006 to 2008.
Christopher Columbus (c. 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer from Genoa, Italy, whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. With his four voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a settlement on the island of Hispaniola, all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the 'New World'.
Christopher Columbus (c. 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer from Genoa, Italy, whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. With his four voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a settlement on the island of Hispaniola, all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the 'New World'.
Christopher Columbus (c. 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer from Genoa, Italy, whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. With his four voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a settlement on the island of Hispaniola, all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the 'New World'.
Christopher Columbus (c. 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer from Genoa, Italy, whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. With his four voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a settlement on the island of Hispaniola, all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the 'New World'.
Christopher Columbus (c. 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer from Genoa, Italy, whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. With his four voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a settlement on the island of Hispaniola, all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the 'New World'.
Christopher Columbus (c. 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer from Genoa, Italy, whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. With his four voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a settlement on the island of Hispaniola, all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the 'New World'.
Christopher Columbus (c. 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer from Genoa, Italy, whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. With his four voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a settlement on the island of Hispaniola, all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the 'New World'.
Amerigo Vespucci (9 March 1454 - 22 February 1512) was an Italian explorer, navigator and cartographer, born and brought up by his uncle in the Republic of Florence, in what is now Italy. Vespucci worked for Lorenzo de Medici and his son, Giovanni. In 1492, he was sent to work at the Seville branch of the Medici bank.<br/><br/> At the invitation of King Manuel I of Portugal, Vespucci participated as an observer in several voyages that explored the east coast of South America between 1499 and 1502. Manuel's commander Pedro Alvares Cabral, on his way to the Cape of Good Hope and India in 1500, had discovered Brazil at latitude 16°52'S. Portugal claimed this land by the Treaty of Tordesillas, and the king wished to know whether it was merely an island or part of the continent that Spanish explorers had encountered further north.<br/><br/> Vespucci, having already been to the Brazilian shoulder, seemed the person best qualified to go as an observer with the new expedition. Vespucci did not command at the start; in fact, he had no experience in piloting a ship. The Portuguese captain was Gonçalo Coelho, but Vespucci took charge at the request of the Portuguese officers. On the first of these voyages, he was aboard the ship that discovered that South America extended much further south than previously thought.
Christopher Columbus (c. 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer from Genoa, Italy, whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere.<br/><br/> With his four voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a settlement on the island of Hispaniola, all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the 'New World'.
World: The papaya (from Carib via Spanish), papaw, or pawpaw is the fruit of the plant <i>Carica papaya</i>, the sole species in the genus <i>Carica</i> of the plant family Caricaceae. It is native to the tropics of the Americas, perhaps from southern Mexico and neighbouring Central America. It was first cultivated in Mexico several centuries before the emergence of the Mesoamerican classical civilizations.
Amerigo Vespucci was born and brought up by his uncle in the Republic of Florence, in what is now Italy. The Americas are generally believed to have derived their name from the feminized Latin version of his first name.<br/><br/> At the invitation of King Manuel I of Portugal, Vespucci participated as observer in several voyages that explored the east coast of South America between 1499 and 1502. Manuel's commander Pedro Álvares Cabral, on his way to the Cape of Good Hope and India in 1500, had discovered Brazil at latitude 16°52'S. Portugal claimed this land by the Treaty of Tordesillas, and the King wished to know whether it was merely an island or part of the continent that Spanish explorers had encountered further north.<br/><br/> Vespucci, having already been to the Brazilian shoulder, seemed the person best qualified to go as an observer with the new expedition Manuel was sending. Vespucci did not command at the start - the Portuguese captain was probably Gonçalo Coelho - but ultimately took charge at the request of the Portuguese officers. Vespucci, in all probability, voyaged to America at the time noted, but he did not have command and as yet had no practical experience piloting a ship. On the first of these voyages he was aboard the ship that discovered that South America extended much further south than previously thought.
Christopher Columbus (c. 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer from Genoa, Italy, whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. With his four voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a settlement on the island of Hispaniola, all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the 'New World'.
Christopher Columbus (c. 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer from Genoa, Italy, whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. With his four voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a settlement on the island of Hispaniola, all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the 'New World'.
Christopher Columbus (c. 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer from Genoa, Italy, whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. With his four voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a settlement on the island of Hispaniola, all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the 'New World'.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the status of United Kingdom with Portugal and the Algarve. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese Kingdom was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal. Independence from Portugal was achieved in 1822. Initially independent as the Empire of Brazil, the country has been a republic since 1889, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to 1824, when the first constitution was ratified.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
Vice Admiral Sir Francis Drake (1540 –96) was an English sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, a renowned pirate, and a politician of the Elizabethan era. Elizabeth I of England awarded Drake a knighthood in 1581. He was second-in-command of the English fleet against the Spanish Armada in 1588, subordinate only to Charles Howard and the Queen herself. He died of dysentery in January 1596 after unsuccessfully attacking San Juan, Puerto Rico.<br/><br/> His exploits were legendary, making him a hero to the English but a pirate to the Spaniards. King Philip II was claimed to have offered a reward of 20,000 ducats, about US $6.5 million by modern standards, for his life.<br/><br/> He led the first English circumnavigation of the world, from 1577 to 1580, during which time he met native American tribes in California, which he claimed for Britain, and visited the Spice Islands in the East Indies [Indonesia].
Vice Admiral Sir Francis Drake (1540 –96) was an English sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, a renowned pirate, and a politician of the Elizabethan era. Elizabeth I of England awarded Drake a knighthood in 1581. He was second-in-command of the English fleet against the Spanish Armada in 1588, subordinate only to Charles Howard and the Queen herself. He died of dysentery in January 1596 after unsuccessfully attacking San Juan, Puerto Rico.<br/><br/> His exploits were legendary, making him a hero to the English but a pirate to the Spaniards. King Philip II was claimed to have offered a reward of 20,000 ducats, about US $6.5 million by modern standards, for his life.<br/><br/> He led the first English circumnavigation of the world, from 1577 to 1580, during which time he met native American tribes in California, which he claimed for Britain, and visited the Spice Islands in the East Indies [Indonesia].
In 1519, the Spanish, led by Hernan Cortes, invaded Mexico and colonized the country. Cortes made a series of deals with ethnic groups intended to foster disunity and convince them that he would help them overthrow the ruling Aztecs.<br/><br/> Smallpox ravaged the Mexicans in the 1520s, killing millions. After defeating the Aztecs, the territory became part of the Spanish Empire under the name New Spain. Mexico City was systematically rebuilt by Cortés following the Siege of Tenochtitlan in 1521. Much of the identity, traditions and architecture of Mexico were created during the colonial period.
Ferdinand Magellan, or Fernão de Magalhães, (c. 1480 – 1521) was a Portuguese explorer. He was born in Sabrosa, in northern Portugal, but later obtained Spanish nationality in order to serve King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the ‘Spice Islands’ (modern Maluku Islands in Indonesia).<br/><br/> Magellan's expedition of 1519–22 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean around Cape Horn and South America into the Pacific Ocean (named "the peaceful sea" by Magellan), the passage being made via what is now called the Strait of Magellan. It was the first voyage across the Pacific. It also completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth, although Magellan himself did not complete the entire voyage, being killed during the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines. Of the 237 men who set out on five ships, only 18 completed the circumnavigation and managed to return to Spain in 1522.
Amerigo Vespucci (9 March 1454 - 22 February 1512) was an Italian explorer, navigator and cartographer, born and brought up by his uncle in the Republic of Florence, in what is now Italy. Vespucci worked for Lorenzo de Medici and his son, Giovanni. In 1492, he was sent to work at the Seville branch of the Medici bank.<br/><br/> At the invitation of King Manuel I of Portugal, Vespucci participated as an observer in several voyages that explored the east coast of South America between 1499 and 1502. Manuel's commander Pedro Alvares Cabral, on his way to the Cape of Good Hope and India in 1500, had discovered Brazil at latitude 16°52'S. Portugal claimed this land by the Treaty of Tordesillas, and the king wished to know whether it was merely an island or part of the continent that Spanish explorers had encountered further north.<br/><br/> Vespucci, having already been to the Brazilian shoulder, seemed the person best qualified to go as an observer with the new expedition. Vespucci did not command at the start; in fact, he had no experience in piloting a ship. The Portuguese captain was Gonçalo Coelho, but Vespucci took charge at the request of the Portuguese officers. On the first of these voyages, he was aboard the ship that discovered that South America extended much further south than previously thought.<br/><br/> The expeditions became widely known in Europe after two accounts attributed to Vespucci were published between 1502 and 1504. In 1507, Martin Waldseemuller produced a world map on which he named the new continent America after Vespucci's first name, Amerigo.
Ferdinand Magellan, or Fernão de Magalhães, (c. 1480 – 1521) was a Portuguese explorer. He was born in Sabrosa, in northern Portugal, but later obtained Spanish nationality in order to serve King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the ‘Spice Islands’ (modern Maluku Islands in Indonesia).<br/><br/> Magellan's expedition of 1519–22 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean around Cape Horn and South America into the Pacific Ocean (named "the peaceful sea" by Magellan), the passage being made via what is now called the Strait of Magellan. It was the first voyage across the Pacific. It also completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth, although Magellan himself did not complete the entire voyage, being killed during the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines. Of the 237 men who set out on five ships, only 18 completed the circumnavigation and managed to return to Spain in 1522.
Vasco Núñez de Balboa (c. 1475—1519) was a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. He is best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World.<br/><br/> He traveled to the New World in 1500 and, after some exploration, settled on the island of Hispaniola (now Dominican Republic and Haiti). He founded the settlement of Santa María la Antigua del Darién in present-day Colombia in 1510, which was the first permanent European settlement on the mainland of the Americas (a settlement by Alonso de Ojeda the previous year at San Sebastián de Urabá had already been abandoned).
Supervised by Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI, the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 divided the world in half—into Spanish and Portuguese territories.<br/><br/> Following Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama's success in discovering a sea route around Africa to India in 1498, King Manuel I commissioned Pedro Alvares Cabral to lead a second voyage of 13 ships and 1,500 men to India. Although he intended to stay close to the west coast of Africa, Cabral sailed far off course and accidentally chanced upon the coast of South America.<br/><br/> According to the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, any land falling within 370 leagues [2.060 km] west of the Cape Verde Islands was to belong to Portugal, whereas any land discovered west of this meridian would be Spanish territory, as decreed by Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI. The coastline of Brazil therefore fell within the Portuguese sphere of influence and was colonized by Manuel I.<br/><br/> However, following Portugal’s discovery of the Spice Islands of the Moluccas in 1512, Spain contested the line of demarcation. The issue was never fully settled, but the Treaty of Zaragoza in 1529 attempted to resolve the matter by setting the ‘antemeridian’ as 17 degrees to the east of the Moluccas, thus preventing the Spanish from claiming the Spice Islands.
Vasco Núñez de Balboa (c. 1475—1519) was a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. He is best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World. He traveled to the New World in 1500 and, after some exploration, settled on the island of Hispaniola (now Dominican Republic and Haiti). He founded the settlement of Santa María la Antigua del Darién in present-day Colombia in 1510, which was the first permanent European settlement on the mainland of the Americas (a settlement by Alonso de Ojeda the previous year at San Sebastián de Urabá had already been abandoned).
Christopher Columbus (c. 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer from Genoa, Italy, whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. With his four voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a settlement on the island of Hispaniola, all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the 'New World'.
Christopher Columbus (c. 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer from Genoa, Italy, whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. With his four voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a settlement on the island of Hispaniola, all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the 'New World'.
Ferdinand Magellan c. 1480– April 27, 1521) was a Portuguese explorer. He was born at Sabrosa, in northern Portugal, but later obtained Spanish nationality in order to serve King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the Spice Islands (modern Maluku Islands in Indonesia). Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean and the first to cross the Pacific. It also completed the first circumnavigation of the Globe, although Magellan himself did not complete the entire voyage, being killed during the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines.
Ferdinand Magellan c. 1480– April 27, 1521) was a Portuguese explorer. He was born at Sabrosa, in northern Portugal, but later obtained Spanish nationality in order to serve King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the Spice Islands (modern Maluku Islands in Indonesia). Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean and the first to cross the Pacific. It also completed the first circumnavigation of the Globe, although Magellan himself did not complete the entire voyage, being killed during the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines.
Vasco Núñez de Balboa (c. 1475—1519) was a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. He is best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World. He traveled to the New World in 1500 and, after some exploration, settled on the island of Hispaniola (now Dominican Republic and Haiti). He founded the settlement of Santa María la Antigua del Darién in present-day Colombia in 1510, which was the first permanent European settlement on the mainland of the Americas (a settlement by Alonso de Ojeda the previous year at San Sebastián de Urabá had already been abandoned).
Christopher Columbus (c. 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer from Genoa, Italy, whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere.<br/><br/> With his four voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a settlement on the island of Hispaniola, all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the 'New World'.
Christopher Columbus (c. 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer from Genoa, Italy, whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. With his four voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a settlement on the island of Hispaniola, all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the 'New World'. Isabella I (22 April 1451 – 26 November 1504) was Queen of Castile and León.
Ferdinand Magellan c. 1480– April 27, 1521) was a Portuguese explorer. He was born at Sabrosa, in northern Portugal, but later obtained Spanish nationality in order to serve King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the Spice Islands (modern Maluku Islands in Indonesia). Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean and the first to cross the Pacific. It also completed the first circumnavigation of the Globe, although Magellan himself did not complete the entire voyage, being killed during the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines.
Christopher Columbus (c. 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer from Genoa, Italy, whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. With his four voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a settlement on the island of Hispaniola, all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the 'New World'.