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Lippo d'Andrea di Lippo was a Florentine painter, formerly known as Pseudo-Ambrogio di Baldese.<br/><br/> In 1411, Lippo d'Andrea di Lippo joined the Compagnia di San Luca. That same year he was commissioned, along with Niccolò di Pietro Gerini, Ambrogio di Baldese, and Alvaro di Pietro, to paint frescoes on the facade of the Palazzo del Ceppo in Prato.<br/><br/> A surviving reference to his name comes in 1435-36. That year, Lippo d'Andrea was a member of the group, which included Bicci di Lorenzo, Giovanni dal Ponte, and Rossello di Jacopo Franchi, that was given the task of painting frescoes of the apostles in the tribune chapels of Florence cathedral to celebrate the consecration of the newly built dome by Pope Eugene IV.
Orcagna was a student of Andrea Pisano as well as Giotto di Bondone, his younger brothers Jacopo di Cione and Nardo di Cione were also artists. The di Cione brothers often worked collaboratively.
The octagonal Florence Baptistery (<i>Battistero di San Giovanni</i>), also known as the Baptistery of Saint John, is one of the oldest buildings in Florence, constructed between 1059 and 1128 in the Florentine Romanesque style.<br/><br/> The Baptistry is renowned for its three sets of artistically important bronze doors with relief sculptures. The south doors were created by Andrea Pisano and the north and east doors by Lorenzo Ghiberti. The east doors were dubbed by Michelangelo the Gates of Paradise.<br/><br/> The Italian poet Dante and many other notable Renaissance figures, including members of the Medici family, were baptized in this baptistry.
The octagonal Florence Baptistery (<i>Battistero di San Giovanni</i>), also known as the Baptistery of Saint John, is one of the oldest buildings in Florence, constructed between 1059 and 1128 in the Florentine Romanesque style.<br/><br/> The Baptistry is renowned for its three sets of artistically important bronze doors with relief sculptures. The south doors were created by Andrea Pisano and the north and east doors by Lorenzo Ghiberti. The east doors were dubbed by Michelangelo the Gates of Paradise.<br/><br/> The Italian poet Dante and many other notable Renaissance figures, including members of the Medici family, were baptized in this baptistry.
The octagonal Florence Baptistery (<i>Battistero di San Giovanni</i>), also known as the Baptistery of Saint John, is one of the oldest buildings in Florence, constructed between 1059 and 1128 in the Florentine Romanesque style.<br/><br/> The Baptistry is renowned for its three sets of artistically important bronze doors with relief sculptures. The south doors were created by Andrea Pisano and the north and east doors by Lorenzo Ghiberti. The east doors were dubbed by Michelangelo the Gates of Paradise.<br/><br/> The Italian poet Dante and many other notable Renaissance figures, including members of the Medici family, were baptized in this baptistry.
The octagonal Florence Baptistery (<i>Battistero di San Giovanni</i>), also known as the Baptistery of Saint John, is one of the oldest buildings in Florence, constructed between 1059 and 1128 in the Florentine Romanesque style.<br/><br/> The Baptistry is renowned for its three sets of artistically important bronze doors with relief sculptures. The south doors were created by Andrea Pisano and the north and east doors by Lorenzo Ghiberti. The east doors were dubbed by Michelangelo the Gates of Paradise.<br/><br/> The Italian poet Dante and many other notable Renaissance figures, including members of the Medici family, were baptized in this baptistry.
The octagonal Florence Baptistery (<i>Battistero di San Giovanni</i>), also known as the Baptistery of Saint John, is one of the oldest buildings in Florence, constructed between 1059 and 1128 in the Florentine Romanesque style.<br/><br/> The Baptistry is renowned for its three sets of artistically important bronze doors with relief sculptures. The south doors were created by Andrea Pisano and the north and east doors by Lorenzo Ghiberti. The east doors were dubbed by Michelangelo the Gates of Paradise.<br/><br/> The Italian poet Dante and many other notable Renaissance figures, including members of the Medici family, were baptized in this baptistry.
The octagonal Florence Baptistery (<i>Battistero di San Giovanni</i>), also known as the Baptistery of Saint John, is one of the oldest buildings in Florence, constructed between 1059 and 1128 in the Florentine Romanesque style.<br/><br/> The Baptistry is renowned for its three sets of artistically important bronze doors with relief sculptures. The south doors were created by Andrea Pisano and the north and east doors by Lorenzo Ghiberti. The east doors were dubbed by Michelangelo the Gates of Paradise.<br/><br/> The Italian poet Dante and many other notable Renaissance figures, including members of the Medici family, were baptized in this baptistry.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The octagonal Florence Baptistery (<i>Battistero di San Giovanni</i>), also known as the Baptistery of Saint John, is one of the oldest buildings in Florence, constructed between 1059 and 1128 in the Florentine Romanesque style.<br/><br/> The Baptistry is renowned for its three sets of artistically important bronze doors with relief sculptures. The south doors were created by Andrea Pisano and the north and east doors by Lorenzo Ghiberti. The east doors were dubbed by Michelangelo the Gates of Paradise.<br/><br/> The Italian poet Dante and many other notable Renaissance figures, including members of the Medici family, were baptized in this baptistry.
The octagonal Florence Baptistery (<i>Battistero di San Giovanni</i>), also known as the Baptistery of Saint John, is one of the oldest buildings in Florence, constructed between 1059 and 1128 in the Florentine Romanesque style.<br/><br/> The Baptistry is renowned for its three sets of artistically important bronze doors with relief sculptures. The south doors were created by Andrea Pisano and the north and east doors by Lorenzo Ghiberti. The east doors were dubbed by Michelangelo the Gates of Paradise.<br/><br/> The Italian poet Dante and many other notable Renaissance figures, including members of the Medici family, were baptized in this baptistry.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The interior frescoes of the dome were begun by Giorgio Vasari (1511 - 1574) and completed by Federico Zuccari (1540 - 1609). The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The interior frescoes of the dome were begun by Giorgio Vasari (1511 - 1574) and completed by Federico Zuccari (1540 - 1609). The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The interior frescoes of the dome were begun by Giorgio Vasari (1511 - 1574) and completed by Federico Zuccari (1540 - 1609). The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The interior frescoes of the dome were begun by Giorgio Vasari (1511 - 1574) and completed by Federico Zuccari (1540 - 1609). The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The interior frescoes of the dome were begun by Giorgio Vasari (1511 - 1574) and completed by Federico Zuccari (1540 - 1609). The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The interior frescoes of the dome were begun by Giorgio Vasari (1511 - 1574) and completed by Federico Zuccari (1540 - 1609). The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
Firenze or Florence is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany. It was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of that era. It is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance, and has been called 'the Athens of the Middle Ages'.<br/><br/> A turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful Medici family and numerous religious and republican revolutions. From 1865 to 1871 the city was the capital of the recently established Kingdom of Italy.<br/><br/> The Florentine dialect forms the base of Standard Italian and it became the language of culture throughout Italy due to the prestige of the masterpieces by Dante Alighieri, Petrarch, Giovanni Boccaccio, Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini.
Firenze or Florence is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany. It was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of that era. It is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance, and has been called 'the Athens of the Middle Ages'.<br/><br/> A turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful Medici family and numerous religious and republican revolutions. From 1865 to 1871 the city was the capital of the recently established Kingdom of Italy.<br/><br/> The Florentine dialect forms the base of Standard Italian and it became the language of culture throughout Italy due to the prestige of the masterpieces by Dante Alighieri, Petrarch, Giovanni Boccaccio, Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini.
Andrea Cesalpino (6 June 1519 – 23 February 1603) was an Italian physician, philosopher and botanist.<br/><br/> In his works he classified plants according to their fruits and seeds, rather than alphabetically or by medicinal properties. In 1555, he succeeded Luca Ghini as director of the botanical garden in Pisa. The botanist Pietro Castelli was one of his students.<br/><br/> Cesalpino also did limited work in the field of physiology. He theorized a circulation of the blood. However, he envisioned a 'chemical circulation' consisting of repeated evaporation and condensation of blood, rather than the concept of 'physical circulation' popularized by the writings of William Harvey (1578–1657).
Francesco Petrarca (July 20, 1304 – July 19, 1374), commonly anglicized as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar and poet in Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists.<br/><br/> Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited for initiating the 14th-century Renaissance. Petrarch is often considered the founder of Humanism.
The Greek historian Herodotus records than Queen Tomyris of the Massagetae defeated Cyrus the Great in battle and ordered his corpse to be beheaded.
Abū l-Walīd Muḥammad bin ʾAḥmad bin Rušd (Arabic: أبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد‎), better known as Ibn Rushd (Arabic: ابن رشد‎), and in European literature as Averroes (play /əˈvɛroʊ.iːz/; 1126 – December 10, 1198), was a Muslim polymath; a master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence, logic, psychology, politics, Arabic music theory, and the sciences of medicine, astronomy, geography, mathematics, physics and celestial mechanics.<br/><br/> He was born in Córdoba, Al Andalus, modern-day Spain, and died in Marrakesh, Morocco. His school of philosophy is known as Averroism.
Gritti was born in Bardolino, near Verona. He spent much of his early life in Constantinople as a grain merchant, looking after Venetian interests. In the late 1490s he was using his commercial correspondence for sending encoded information to Venice regarding the movements of the Turkish navy. In 1499, he was imprisoned on charges of espionage, but escaped execution due to his friendship with the vizier, and was released several years later.<br/><br/> In the early sixteenth century Venice lost nearly all its territory on the Italian mainland, and Gritti played an important part in the events connected with this loss and the eventual return to the status quo ante. In 1509, after the Venetian defeat at the Battle of Agnadello, Gritti was appointed as proveditor to the Venetian army in Treviso; ordered by the Council of Ten to support revolts against the invaders, he successfully engineered the return of Padua to Venetian hands, and its subsequent defence against the Emperor. In 1510, following the death of Nicolo di Pitigliano, Gritti took command of Venice's army, but was forced to withdraw to Venice by French advances. He continued as proveditor through to the end of the League of Cambrai and the subsequent war of the Holy League. In 1512, he led the negotiations with Francis I that resulted in Venice leaving the League and allying with France.<br/><br/> Elected Doge in 1523, Gritti concluded a treaty with Charles V, ending Venice's active involvement in the Italian Wars. He attempted to maintain the neutrality of the Republic in the face of the continued struggle between Charles and Francis, urging both to turn their attention to the advances of the Ottoman Empire in Hungary. However, he could not prevent Suleiman I from attacking Corfu in 1537, drawing Venice into a war with the Ottomans. He died in 1538.
Esther (Hebrew: אֶסְתֵּרr), born Hadassah, is the eponymous heroine of the Biblical 'Book of Esther'.<br/><br/> According to the Bible, she was a Jewish queen of the Persian king Ahasuerus. Ahasuerus is traditionally identified with Xerxes I (r. 486-465 BCE) during the time of the Achaemenid empire. Her story is the basis for the celebration of Purim in Jewish tradition.