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Sir Marc Aurel Stein (usually known as Aurel Stein) KCIE, FBA (Hungarian: Stein Márk Aurél) (26 November 1862 – 26 October 1943) was a Hungarian-born British archaeologist, mainly concerned with exploring ancient Central Asia. He was also a professor at various Indian universities.
The former Buddhist centre of Melikawat (Malikewate Gucheng) is just 28km south of Khotan. It once served as a major Buddhist centre in the Kingdom of Khotan.<br/><br/> The Buddhist Kingdom of Khotan traces its history back at least as far as the 3rd century BCE, when the eldest son of the Indian emperor Asoka is said to have settled there. It was long of great importance on the Silk Road, and is claimed to have been the first place outside China to have cultivated silk.<br/><br/> It sits astride the Karakash or ‘Black Jade’ and Yurungkash or ‘White Jade’ Rivers, which here conjoin to form the Khotan Darya, and has been famous for its jade for well over two millennia. In times past trade routes crossed the desert to the north all the way to Kuqa, and as recently as 2007 this link has been re-established for the first time in centuries with the opening of a second Desert Highway leading to Aksu, distant some 424km to the north.
The former Buddhist centre of Melikawat (Malikewate Gucheng) is just 28km south of Khotan. It once served as a major Buddhist centre in the Kingdom of Khotan.<br/><br/> The Buddhist Kingdom of Khotan traces its history back at least as far as the 3rd century BCE, when the eldest son of the Indian emperor Asoka is said to have settled there. It was long of great importance on the Silk Road, and is claimed to have been the first place outside China to have cultivated silk.<br/><br/> It sits astride the Karakash or ‘Black Jade’ and Yurungkash or ‘White Jade’ Rivers, which here conjoin to form the Khotan Darya, and has been famous for its jade for well over two millennia. In times past trade routes crossed the desert to the north all the way to Kuqa, and as recently as 2007 this link has been re-established for the first time in centuries with the opening of a second Desert Highway leading to Aksu, distant some 424km to the north.
The former Buddhist centre of Melikawat (Malikewate Gucheng) is just 28km south of Khotan. It once served as a major Buddhist centre in the Kingdom of Khotan.<br/><br/> The Buddhist Kingdom of Khotan traces its history back at least as far as the 3rd century BCE, when the eldest son of the Indian emperor Asoka is said to have settled there. It was long of great importance on the Silk Road, and is claimed to have been the first place outside China to have cultivated silk.<br/><br/> It sits astride the Karakash or ‘Black Jade’ and Yurungkash or ‘White Jade’ Rivers, which here conjoin to form the Khotan Darya, and has been famous for its jade for well over two millennia. In times past trade routes crossed the desert to the north all the way to Kuqa, and as recently as 2007 this link has been re-established for the first time in centuries with the opening of a second Desert Highway leading to Aksu, distant some 424km to the north.
The former Buddhist centre of Melikawat (Malikewate Gucheng) is just 28km south of Khotan. It once served as a major Buddhist centre in the Kingdom of Khotan.<br/><br/> The Buddhist Kingdom of Khotan traces its history back at least as far as the 3rd century BCE, when the eldest son of the Indian emperor Asoka is said to have settled there. It was long of great importance on the Silk Road, and is claimed to have been the first place outside China to have cultivated silk.<br/><br/> It sits astride the Karakash or ‘Black Jade’ and Yurungkash or ‘White Jade’ Rivers, which here conjoin to form the Khotan Darya, and has been famous for its jade for well over two millennia. In times past trade routes crossed the desert to the north all the way to Kuqa, and as recently as 2007 this link has been re-established for the first time in centuries with the opening of a second Desert Highway leading to Aksu, distant some 424km to the north.
The former Buddhist centre of Melikawat (Malikewate Gucheng) is just 28km south of Khotan. It once served as a major Buddhist centre in the Kingdom of Khotan.<br/><br/> The Buddhist Kingdom of Khotan traces its history back at least as far as the 3rd century BCE, when the eldest son of the Indian emperor Asoka is said to have settled there. It was long of great importance on the Silk Road, and is claimed to have been the first place outside China to have cultivated silk.<br/><br/> It sits astride the Karakash or ‘Black Jade’ and Yurungkash or ‘White Jade’ Rivers, which here conjoin to form the Khotan Darya, and has been famous for its jade for well over two millennia. In times past trade routes crossed the desert to the north all the way to Kuqa, and as recently as 2007 this link has been re-established for the first time in centuries with the opening of a second Desert Highway leading to Aksu, distant some 424km to the north.
The former Buddhist centre of Melikawat (Malikewate Gucheng) is just 28km south of Khotan. It once served as a major Buddhist centre in the Kingdom of Khotan.<br/><br/> The Buddhist Kingdom of Khotan traces its history back at least as far as the 3rd century BCE, when the eldest son of the Indian emperor Asoka is said to have settled there. It was long of great importance on the Silk Road, and is claimed to have been the first place outside China to have cultivated silk.<br/><br/> It sits astride the Karakash or ‘Black Jade’ and Yurungkash or ‘White Jade’ Rivers, which here conjoin to form the Khotan Darya, and has been famous for its jade for well over two millennia. In times past trade routes crossed the desert to the north all the way to Kuqa, and as recently as 2007 this link has been re-established for the first time in centuries with the opening of a second Desert Highway leading to Aksu, distant some 424km to the north.
The former Buddhist centre of Melikawat (Malikewate Gucheng) is just 28km south of Khotan. It once served as a major Buddhist centre in the Kingdom of Khotan.<br/><br/> The Buddhist Kingdom of Khotan traces its history back at least as far as the 3rd century BCE, when the eldest son of the Indian emperor Asoka is said to have settled there. It was long of great importance on the Silk Road, and is claimed to have been the first place outside China to have cultivated silk.<br/><br/> It sits astride the Karakash or ‘Black Jade’ and Yurungkash or ‘White Jade’ Rivers, which here conjoin to form the Khotan Darya, and has been famous for its jade for well over two millennia. In times past trade routes crossed the desert to the north all the way to Kuqa, and as recently as 2007 this link has been re-established for the first time in centuries with the opening of a second Desert Highway leading to Aksu, distant some 424km to the north.
Sargon II was an Assyrian king. Sargon II became the ruler of the Assyrian Empire in 722 BCE after the death of Shalmaneser V. <br/><br/> In his inscriptions, he styles himself as a new man, rarely referring to his predecessors; however he took the name Sharru-kinu ('true king'), after Sargon of Akkad — who had founded the first Semitic Empire in the region some 16 centuries earlier. Sargon is the Biblical form of the name.
Assyrian king Shalmaneser I ordered the founding of Nimrud, which existed for about 1,000 years as the capital in the 13th century BCE. The city gained fame when king Ashurnasirpal II of Assyria (c. 880 BCE) made it his capital. He built a large palace and temples on the site of an earlier city that had long fallen into ruins.<br/><br/> A grand opening ceremony with festivities and an opulent banquet in 879 BCE is described in an inscribed stele discovered during archeological excavations. The city of king Ashurnasirpal II housed perhaps as many as 100,000 inhabitants, and contained botanic gardens and a zoo. His son, Shalmaneser III (858–824 BCE), built the monument known as the Great Ziggurat, and an associated temple.<br/><br/> The palace, restored as a site museum, is one of only two preserved Assyrian palaces in the world, the other being Sennacherib's palace at Nineveh. Nimrud remained the Assyrian capital until 706 BCE when Sargon II moved the capital to Khorsabad. It remained a major centre and a royal residence until the city was completely destroyed in 612 BCE when Assyria succumbed under the invasion of the Medes and the Babylonians.
Scythian golden pectoral from the royal grave at Tolstaja Mogila kurgan, 4th century BCE. It shows the three tiers of Scythian mythology: the Inner Earth, the Astral-Cosmic sphere and innermost the inhabited world. Museum of Historic Treasures of Ukraine, Kiev. Image released to the press in 2009.