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The <i>Anwar-i Suhayli</i> or 'The Lights of Canopus', commonly known as the <i>Fables of Bidpai</i> in the West, is a Persian version of the ancient Indian collection of animal fables, the <i>Panchatantra</i>. It tells a tale of a Persian physician, Burzuyah, and his mission to India, where he stumbles upon a book of stories collected from the animals who reside there.<br/><br/> In a similar vein to the <i>Arabian Nights</i>, the fables in the manuscript are inter-woven as the characters of one story recount the next, leading up to three or four degrees of narrative embedding. Many usually have morals or offer philosophical glimpses into human behaviour, emphasising loyalty and teamwork.
The <i>Anwar-i Suhayli</i> or 'The Lights of Canopus', commonly known as the <i>Fables of Bidpai</i> in the West, is a Persian version of the ancient Indian collection of animal fables, the <i>Panchatantra</i>. It tells a tale of a Persian physician, Burzuyah, and his mission to India, where he stumbles upon a book of stories collected from the animals who reside there.<br/><br/> In a similar vein to the <i>Arabian Nights</i>, the fables in the manuscript are inter-woven as the characters of one story recount the next, leading up to three or four degrees of narrative embedding. Many usually have morals or offer philosophical glimpses into human behaviour, emphasising loyalty and teamwork.
The <i>Anwar-i Suhayli</i> or 'The Lights of Canopus', commonly known as the <i>Fables of Bidpai</i> in the West, is a Persian version of the ancient Indian collection of animal fables, the <i>Panchatantra</i>. It tells a tale of a Persian physician, Burzuyah, and his mission to India, where he stumbles upon a book of stories collected from the animals who reside there.<br/><br/> In a similar vein to the <i>Arabian Nights</i>, the fables in the manuscript are inter-woven as the characters of one story recount the next, leading up to three or four degrees of narrative embedding. Many usually have morals or offer philosophical glimpses into human behaviour, emphasising loyalty and teamwork.
The <i>Anwar-i Suhayli</i> or 'The Lights of Canopus', commonly known as the <i>Fables of Bidpai</i> in the West, is a Persian version of the ancient Indian collection of animal fables, the <i>Panchatantra</i>. It tells a tale of a Persian physician, Burzuyah, and his mission to India, where he stumbles upon a book of stories collected from the animals who reside there.<br/><br/> In a similar vein to the <i>Arabian Nights</i>, the fables in the manuscript are inter-woven as the characters of one story recount the next, leading up to three or four degrees of narrative embedding. Many usually have morals or offer philosophical glimpses into human behaviour, emphasising loyalty and teamwork.
The <i>Anwar-i Suhayli</i> or 'The Lights of Canopus', commonly known as the <i>Fables of Bidpai</i> in the West, is a Persian version of the ancient Indian collection of animal fables, the <i>Panchatantra</i>. It tells a tale of a Persian physician, Burzuyah, and his mission to India, where he stumbles upon a book of stories collected from the animals who reside there.<br/><br/> In a similar vein to the <i>Arabian Nights</i>, the fables in the manuscript are inter-woven as the characters of one story recount the next, leading up to three or four degrees of narrative embedding. Many usually have morals or offer philosophical glimpses into human behaviour, emphasising loyalty and teamwork.
The <i>Anwar-i Suhayli</i> or 'The Lights of Canopus', commonly known as the <i>Fables of Bidpai</i> in the West, is a Persian version of the ancient Indian collection of animal fables, the <i>Panchatantra</i>. It tells a tale of a Persian physician, Burzuyah, and his mission to India, where he stumbles upon a book of stories collected from the animals who reside there.<br/><br/> In a similar vein to the <i>Arabian Nights</i>, the fables in the manuscript are inter-woven as the characters of one story recount the next, leading up to three or four degrees of narrative embedding. Many usually have morals or offer philosophical glimpses into human behaviour, emphasising loyalty and teamwork.
The <i>Anwar-i Suhayli</i> or 'The Lights of Canopus', commonly known as the <i>Fables of Bidpai</i> in the West, is a Persian version of the ancient Indian collection of animal fables, the <i>Panchatantra</i>. It tells a tale of a Persian physician, Burzuyah, and his mission to India, where he stumbles upon a book of stories collected from the animals who reside there.<br/><br/> In a similar vein to the <i>Arabian Nights</i>, the fables in the manuscript are inter-woven as the characters of one story recount the next, leading up to three or four degrees of narrative embedding. Many usually have morals or offer philosophical glimpses into human behaviour, emphasising loyalty and teamwork.
The <i>Anwar-i Suhayli</i> or 'The Lights of Canopus', commonly known as the <i>Fables of Bidpai</i> in the West, is a Persian version of the ancient Indian collection of animal fables, the <i>Panchatantra</i>. It tells a tale of a Persian physician, Burzuyah, and his mission to India, where he stumbles upon a book of stories collected from the animals who reside there.<br/><br/> In a similar vein to the <i>Arabian Nights</i>, the fables in the manuscript are inter-woven as the characters of one story recount the next, leading up to three or four degrees of narrative embedding. Many usually have morals or offer philosophical glimpses into human behaviour, emphasising loyalty and teamwork.
Abu Yahya Zakariya' ibn Muhammad al-Qazwini (أبو يحيئ زكريا بن محمد القزويني) (born 1203 - died 1283), was a Persian physician, astronomer, geographer and proto-science fiction writer.<br/><br/> Born in the Persian town of Qazvin, he was descended from Anas ibn Malik, Zakariya' ibn Muhammad al-Qazwini served as legal expert and judge (qadhi) in several localities in Persia and at Baghdad. He travelled around in Mesopotamia and Syria, and finally entered the circle patronized by the governor of Baghdad, ‘Ata-Malik Juwayni (d. 1283 CE).<br/><br/> It was to the latter that al-Qazwini dedicated his famous Arabic-language cosmography titled 'Aja'ib al-makhluqat wa-ghara'ib al-mawjudat عجائب المخلوقات و غرائب الموجودات ('Marvels of Creatures and Strange Things Existing'). This treatise, frequently illustrated, was immensely popular and is preserved today in many copies. It was translated into Persian and Turkish.<br/><br/> Qazwini was also well-known for his geographical dictionary, Athar al-bilad wa-akhbar al-‘ibad اثار البلاد واخبار العباد ('Monument of Places and History of God's Bondsmen'). Both of these treatises reflect extensive reading and learning in a wide range of disciplines.<br/><br/> Al-Qazwini also wrote a futuristic proto-science fiction Arabic tale entitled Awaj bin Anfaq, about a man who travelled to Earth from a distant planet.
China: Greater Bird-of-paradise. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The greater bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea apoda) is a bird-of-paradise found in the lowland and hill forests of southwest New Guinea and Indonesia's Aru Islands. It has the most glamorous display in the bird world, with sexually dimorphic plumage, the females being quite plain compared to the males.
China: Greater Bird-of-paradise. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The greater bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea apoda) is a bird-of-paradise found in the lowland and hill forests of southwest New Guinea and Indonesia's Aru Islands. It has the most glamorous display in the bird world, with sexually dimorphic plumage, the females being quite plain compared to the males.
Indonesia / China: Purple-naped Lory. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese and Indonesian birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The purple-naped lory (Lorius domicella) is a species of parrot endemic to the Indonesian islands of Seram, Ambom, Haruku and Saparua. Its popularity with the cage-bird trade has led to it being considered an endangered species.
Indonesia / China: Purple-naped Lory. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese and Indonesian birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The purple-naped lory (Lorius domicella) is a species of parrot endemic to the Indonesian islands of Seram, Ambom, Haruku and Saparua. Its popularity with the cage-bird trade has led to it being considered an endangered species.
China: Satyr Tragopan. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The satyr tragopan (Tragopan satyra), also known as the crimson horned pheasant, is a Himalayan pheasant found in India, Bhutan, Nepal and Tibet. During mating season, males grow blue horns and a gular wattle. When ready to display, they hide behind a rock and inflate their horns, and when females pass by they perform an elaborate display in front of them, stretching to their full height to show off all their ornaments.
China: Java Sparrow. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The Java sparrow (Padda oryzivora), also known as the Java rice bird, Java rice sparrow or Java finch, is a resident breeding bird found in Java, Bali and Bawean in Indonesia. It has been a popular cage bird for centuries, especially in China and Japan, as well as in the mid-1900s United States before their import was banned.<br/><br/> From a collection of beautifully painted Chinese ornithological studies, mid-19th century, by an anonymous painter.
China: Java Sparrow. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The Java sparrow (Padda oryzivora), also known as the Java rice bird, Java rice sparrow or Java finch, is a resident breeding bird found in Java, Bali and Bawean in Indonesia. It has been a popular cage bird for centuries, especially in China and Japan, as well as in the mid-1900s United States before their import was banned.<br/><br/> From a collection of beautifully painted Chinese ornithological studies, mid-19th century, by an anonymous painter.
China: Japanese Quail. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), also known as the coturnix quail, is a species of Old World quail that was first considered a subspecies of the common quail before being considered a separate species. Found across East Asia, it also resides in many parts of Africa and some regions of Europe.
China: Black-capped Kingfisher. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The black-capped kingfisher (Halcyon pileata) is a tree Kingfisher found throughout tropical Asia, from India to China, Korea and Southeast Asia. It was much sought after for its blue feathers, especially in China where they used to make fans and women's ornaments.
China: Black-capped Kingfisher. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The black-capped kingfisher (Halcyon pileata) is a tree Kingfisher found throughout tropical Asia, from India to China, Korea and Southeast Asia. It was much sought after for its blue feathers, especially in China where they used to make fans and women's ornaments.
China: Red-whiskered Bulbul. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The red-whiskered bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus), or crested bulbul, is a passerine bird and frugivore found across tropical Asia. It has since been introduced to other tropical areas in the world, such as Australia, Hawaii and the United States.
China: Red-whiskered Bulbul. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The red-whiskered bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus), or crested bulbul, is a passerine bird and frugivore found across tropical Asia. It has since been introduced to other tropical areas in the world, such as Australia, Hawaii and the United States.
A Persian miniature is a small painting on paper, whether a book illustration or a separate work of art intended to be kept in an album of such works called a muraqqa. The techniques are broadly comparable to the Western and Byzantine traditions of miniatures in illuminated manuscripts. Although there is an equally well-established Persian tradition of wall-painting, the survival rate and state of preservation of miniatures is better, and miniatures are much the best-known form of Persian painting in the West, and many of the most important examples are in Western, or Turkish, museums.<br/><br/> Miniature painting became a significant Persian genre in the 13th century, receiving Chinese influence after the Mongol conquests, and the highest point in the tradition was reached in the 15th and 16th centuries. The tradition continued, under some Western influence, after this, and has many modern exponents. The Persian miniature was the dominant influence on other Islamic miniature traditions, principally the Ottoman miniature in Turkey, and the Mughal miniature in the Indian sub-continent.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
'Mandarin Ducks' by Japanese woodblock artist Hiroshige Utagawa, accompanied by a poem which reads:<br/><br/> <i>'Out in a morning wind,<br/> Have seen a pair of mandarin ducks parting.<br/> Even the best loving couple makes a quarrel'.</i><br/><br/> Hiroshige was a member of the Utagawa school, which was founded by Utagawa Toyoharu, whose primary innovation was his adaptation of linear perspective to Japanese subject matter. His pupil, Toyokuni I, took over after Toyoharu's death and raised the group to become the most famous and powerful woodblock print school for the remainder of the 19th century, so much so that today more than half of all surviving ukiyo-e prints are from it. In addition to Hiroshige, Kunisada, Kuniyoshi and Yoshitoshi were Utagawa students.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.
The Toucan is a colorful, gregarious forest bird found from Mexico to Argentina, known for its enormous and colorful bill. They have red, yellow, blue, black or orange plumage, often in vivid patterns, and feed on fruit and berries. They nest in holes in trees, laying 2-4 glossy white eggs that are incubated by both parents.<br/><br/> In Central and South America, the Toucan is associated with evil spirits, and can be the incarnation of a demon. But the Toucan can also be a tribal totem and indigenous medicine men can use it as an incarnation to fly to the spirit world.<br/><br/> Paintings from: 'Natural History of Birds of Paradise and Rollers, Toucans and Barbus' - François Levaillant, Jacques et al Barraband, Paris, 1806.