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Louis IV (1282-1347), also known as Louis the Bavarian, was the son of Duke Louis II of Upper Bavaria and Matilda, daughter of King Rudolf I. He was of House Wittelsbach, and was initially a close friend to his Habsburg cousin Frederick the Fair, but they later fell out and violently clashed. He became Duke of Bavaria in 1301 alongside his brother Rudolf I, but became sole ruler in 1317.<br/><br/> When Emperor Henry VII died in 1313, two kings were elected to succeed him, one being Louis himself and the other his cousin Frederick. They were quickly crowned and then fought each other in a bloody war for several years, with Frederick poised to win until a decisive defeat in 1322 saw him captured by Louis. Louis later freed him in 1325, after Frederick recognised him as the legitimate King of Germany, and when Frederick returned to Louis as a prisoner when he could have easily fled after promising to try and covince his brothers to submit, Louis was so impressed by Frederick that he named him co-ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.<br/><br/> To Frederick went the title of King of Germany, while Louis was crowned as King of Italy in 1327 and Holy Roman Emperor in 1328. Louis found himself in conflict with the papacy and the pope, and in 1346 Charles IV of Luxembourg was elected as anti-king, supported by Pope Clement VI as a papal puppet. He successfully resisted Charles' attempts at usurpation, but Louis' sudden death in 1347 from a stroke while bear-hunting prevented a longer civil war from occurring and gave Charles the crown.
Louis IV (1282-1347), also known as Louis the Bavarian, was the son of Duke Louis II of Upper Bavaria and Matilda, daughter of King Rudolf I. He was of House Wittelsbach, and was initially a close friend to his Habsburg cousin Frederick the Fair, but they later fell out and violently clashed. He became Duke of Bavaria in 1301 alongside his brother Rudolf I, but became sole ruler in 1317.<br/><br/> When Emperor Henry VII died in 1313, two kings were elected to succeed him, one being Louis himself and the other his cousin Frederick. They were quickly crowned and then fought each other in a bloody war for several years, with Frederick poised to win until a decisive defeat in 1322 saw him captured by Louis. Louis later freed him in 1325, after Frederick recognised him as the legitimate King of Germany, and when Frederick returned to Louis as a prisoner when he could have easily fled after promising to try and covince his brothers to submit, Louis was so impressed by Frederick that he named him co-ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.<br/><br/> To Frederick went the title of King of Germany, while Louis was crowned as King of Italy in 1327 and Holy Roman Emperor in 1328. Louis found himself in conflict with the papacy and the pope, and in 1346 Charles IV of Luxembourg was elected as anti-king, supported by Pope Clement VI as a papal puppet. He successfully resisted Charles' attempts at usurpation, but Louis' sudden death in 1347 from a stroke while bear-hunting prevented a longer civil war from occurring and gave Charles the crown.
Henry III (1016-1056), also known as Henry the Black and Henry the Pious, was the eldest son of Emperor Conrad II and a member of the Salian Dynasty. He was elected and crowned as King of Germany in 1028, after his father became Holy Roman Emperor. In 1026, his father made him Duke of Bavaria.<br/><br/> Henry would also became Duke of Swabia and King of Burgundy ten years later in 1038, and when his father died in 1039, he became sole ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, though was not crowned as emperor until 1046.
Henry III (1016-1056), also known as Henry the Black and Henry the Pious, was the eldest son of Emperor Conrad II and a member of the Salian Dynasty. He was elected and crowned as King of Germany in 1028, after his father became Holy Roman Emperor. In 1026, his father made him Duke of Bavaria.<br/><br/> Henry would also became Duke of Swabia and King of Burgundy ten years later in 1038, and when his father died in 1039, he became sole ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, though was not crowned as emperor until 1046.
Henry II (974-1024), also known as Henry IV and Saint Henry, was the son of Henry II, Duke of Bavaria and great-grandson of King Henry I, therefore making him part of the Bavarian branch of the Ottonian dynasty. Due to his father's rebellion against the two previous emperors, Henry was often in exile and became close with the Church. He succeeded his father as Duke of Bavaria in 995, taking the name Henry IV.<br/><br/> As Henry was returning home to claim his lands however, Emperor Otto III died of fever with no heir to succeed him. Political chaos gripped the Holy Roman Empire, and Henry defeated several other claimants to become King of Germany in 1002, and King of Italy in 1004. He subsumed the Duchy of Bohemia into the Holy Roman Empire, and fought a series of wars against Poland. He also led a series of expeditions into Italy to ensure Imperial dominance against secessionist forces and the Byzantine Empire. He was eventually crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in 1014.<br/><br/> Henry II's rule was centralised, power consolidated in his hands through personal and political ties with the Catholic Church, which would lead to his canonisation a century later in 1146, the only German monarch to become a saint. Henry eventually died in 1024, leaving no children behind and ending the Ottonian dynasty.
Henry II (974-1024), also known as Henry IV and Saint Henry, was the son of Henry II, Duke of Bavaria and great-grandson of King Henry I, therefore making him part of the Bavarian branch of the Ottonian dynasty. Due to his father's rebellion against the two previous emperors, Henry was often in exile and became close with the Church. He succeeded his father as Duke of Bavaria in 995, taking the name Henry IV.<br/><br/> As Henry was returning home to claim his lands however, Emperor Otto III died of fever with no heir to succeed him. Political chaos gripped the Holy Roman Empire, and Henry defeated several other claimants to become King of Germany in 1002, and King of Italy in 1004. He subsumed the Duchy of Bohemia into the Holy Roman Empire, and fought a series of wars against Poland. He also led a series of expeditions into Italy to ensure Imperial dominance against secessionist forces and the Byzantine Empire. He was eventually crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in 1014.<br/><br/> Henry II's rule was centralised, power consolidated in his hands through personal and political ties with the Catholic Church, which would lead to his canonisation a century later in 1146, the only German monarch to become a saint. Henry eventually died in 1024, leaving no children behind and ending the Ottonian dynasty.
Henry II (974-1024), also known as Henry IV and Saint Henry, was the son of Henry II, Duke of Bavaria and great-grandson of King Henry I, therefore making him part of the Bavarian branch of the Ottonian dynasty. Due to his father's rebellion against the two previous emperors, Henry was often in exile and became close with the Church. He succeeded his father as Duke of Bavaria in 995, taking the name Henry IV.<br/><br/> As Henry was returning home to claim his lands however, Emperor Otto III died of fever with no heir to succeed him. Political chaos gripped the Holy Roman Empire, and Henry defeated several other claimants to become King of Germany in 1002, and King of Italy in 1004. He subsumed the Duchy of Bohemia into the Holy Roman Empire, and fought a series of wars against Poland. He also led a series of expeditions into Italy to ensure Imperial dominance against secessionist forces and the Byzantine Empire. He was eventually crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in 1014.<br/><br/> Henry II's rule was centralised, power consolidated in his hands through personal and political ties with the Catholic Church, which would lead to his canonisation a century later in 1146, the only German monarch to become a saint. Henry eventually died in 1024, leaving no children behind and ending the Ottonian dynasty.
Henry II (974-1024), also known as Henry IV and Saint Henry, was the son of Henry II, Duke of Bavaria and great-grandson of King Henry I, therefore making him part of the Bavarian branch of the Ottonian dynasty. Due to his father's rebellion against the two previous emperors, Henry was often in exile and became close with the Church. He succeeded his father as Duke of Bavaria in 995, taking the name Henry IV.<br/><br/> As Henry was returning home to claim his lands however, Emperor Otto III died of fever with no heir to succeed him. Political chaos gripped the Holy Roman Empire, and Henry defeated several other claimants to become King of Germany in 1002, and King of Italy in 1004. He subsumed the Duchy of Bohemia into the Holy Roman Empire, and fought a series of wars against Poland. He also led a series of expeditions into Italy to ensure Imperial dominance against secessionist forces and the Byzantine Empire. He was eventually crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in 1014.<br/><br/> Henry II's rule was centralised, power consolidated in his hands through personal and political ties with the Catholic Church, which would lead to his canonisation a century later in 1146, the only German monarch to become a saint. Henry eventually died in 1024, leaving no children behind and ending the Ottonian dynasty.
Henry II (974-1024), also known as Henry IV and Saint Henry, was the son of Henry II, Duke of Bavaria and great-grandson of King Henry I, therefore making him part of the Bavarian branch of the Ottonian dynasty. Due to his father's rebellion against the two previous emperors, Henry was often in exile and became close with the Church. He succeeded his father as Duke of Bavaria in 995, taking the name Henry IV.<br/><br/> As Henry was returning home to claim his lands however, Emperor Otto III died of fever with no heir to succeed him. Political chaos gripped the Holy Roman Empire, and Henry defeated several other claimants to become King of Germany in 1002, and King of Italy in 1004. He subsumed the Duchy of Bohemia into the Holy Roman Empire, and fought a series of wars against Poland. He also led a series of expeditions into Italy to ensure Imperial dominance against secessionist forces and the Byzantine Empire. He was eventually crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in 1014.<br/><br/> Henry II's rule was centralised, power consolidated in his hands through personal and political ties with the Catholic Church, which would lead to his canonisation a century later in 1146, the only German monarch to become a saint. Henry eventually died in 1024, leaving no children behind and ending the Ottonian dynasty.
Lothair I (795-855), also known as Lothar I, was the eldest son of Emperor Louis the Pious and grew up in the court of his grandfather, Emperor Charlemagne. When Louis became sole emperor in 814, he sent Lothair to govern Bavaria in 815. Lothair was crowned as co-emperor and declared as principal heir in 817, and would be overlord to his younger brothers, Pippin of Aquitaine and Louis the German, as well as his cousin Bernard of Italy.<br/><br/> When his father died in 840, Lothair ignored all previous plans for partitioning and claimed the whole of the Holy Roman Empire for himself, leading to another civil war which lasted around three years.
Lothair I (795-855), also known as Lothar I, was the eldest son of Emperor Louis the Pious and grew up in the court of his grandfather, Emperor Charlemagne. When Louis became sole emperor in 814, he sent Lothair to govern Bavaria in 815. Lothair was crowned as co-emperor and declared as principal heir in 817, and would be overlord to his younger brothers, Pippin of Aquitaine and Louis the German, as well as his cousin Bernard of Italy.<br/><br/> Lothair lost Bavaria to Louis the German, but he assumed the government of Italy in 822, having received the kingdom after his father had murdered Bernard. Strife and disagreement began to brew after his stepmother Judith began securing a kingdom for her son Charles, Lothair's half-brother, leading to Lothair plotting a rebellion alongside his true brothers against his father in 830, successfully deposing him. His father regianed the throne a year later however, and stripped Lothair of his imperial title and lands, giving them to Charles. A second rebellion in 833 saw Lothair regaining Italy and his imperial position.<br/><br/> When his father died in 840, Lothair ignored all previous plans for partitioning and claimed the whole of the Holy Roman Empire for himself, leading to another civil war which lasted around three years. Lothair was defeated by his brothers, and the Treaty of Verdun was signed in 843 which saw the empire divided between them once again. Lothair became seriously ill in 855 and renounced his throne to his three sons, entering the monastery of Prum and dying six days later.
Lothair I (795-855), also known as Lothar I, was the eldest son of Emperor Louis the Pious and grew up in the court of his grandfather, Emperor Charlemagne. When Louis became sole emperor in 814, he sent Lothair to govern Bavaria in 815. Lothair was crowned as co-emperor and declared as principal heir in 817, and would be overlord to his younger brothers, Pippin of Aquitaine and Louis the German, as well as his cousin Bernard of Italy.<br/><br/> When his father died in 840, Lothair ignored all previous plans for partitioning and claimed the whole of the Holy Roman Empire for himself, leading to another civil war which lasted around three years.
A scribe is a person who writes books or documents by hand in hieratics, cuneiform or other scripts and may help keep track of records for priests and government.<br/><br/> The profession, previously found in all literate cultures in some form, lost most of its importance and status with the advent of printing. The work could involve copying books, including sacred texts, or secretarial and administrative duties, such as taking of dictation and the keeping of business, judicial and, historical records for kings, nobles, temples, and cities. Later the profession developed into public servants, journalists, accountants, typists, and lawyers. In societies with low literacy rates, street-corner letter-writers (and readers) may still be found providing a service.
Lothair I (795-855), also known as Lothar I, was the eldest son of Emperor Louis the Pious and grew up in the court of his grandfather, Emperor Charlemagne. When Louis became sole emperor in 814, he sent Lothair to govern Bavaria in 815. Lothair was crowned as co-emperor and declared as principal heir in 817, and would be overlord to his younger brothers, Pippin of Aquitaine and Louis the German, as well as his cousin Bernard of Italy.<br/><br/> When his father died in 840, Lothair ignored all previous plans for partitioning and claimed the whole of the Holy Roman Empire for himself, leading to another civil war which lasted around three years.
Basilius Besler (1561–1629) was a respected Nuremberg apothecary and botanist, best known for his monumental botanical study <i>Hortus Eystettenis</i>, 1613.<br/><br/> He was curator of the garden of Johann Konrad von Gemmingen, prince bishop of Eichstätt in Bavaria. The bishop was an enthusiastic botanist who derived great pleasure from his garden, which rivaled Hortus Botanicus Leiden among early European botanical gardens outside Italy.
Basilius Besler (1561–1629) was a respected Nuremberg apothecary and botanist, best known for his monumental botanical study <i>Hortus Eystettenis</i>, 1613.<br/><br/> He was curator of the garden of Johann Konrad von Gemmingen, prince bishop of Eichstätt in Bavaria. The bishop was an enthusiastic botanist who derived great pleasure from his garden, which rivalled Hortus Botanicus Leiden among early European botanical gardens outside Italy.