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An elegant and beautiful woman sits on the floor with her two children and various pets.<br/><br/>

The exquisitely dressed lady is tuning the strings she has just wound onto her instrument, a pipa lute. A silver box containing rolls of spare strings lies open on the floor beside her.
Xi'an is the capital of Shaanxi province, and a sub-provincial city in the People's Republic of China. One of the oldest cities in China, with more than 3,100 years of history, the city was known as Chang'an before the Ming Dynasty.<br/><br/>Xi'an is one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, having held that position under several of the most important dynasties in Chinese history, including the Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang.<br/><br/>Xi'an is the eastern terminus of the Silk Road and home to the Terracotta Army.
Xi'an is the capital of Shaanxi province, and a sub-provincial city in the People's Republic of China. One of the oldest cities in China, with more than 3,100 years of history, the city was known as Chang'an before the Ming Dynasty.<br/><br/>Xi'an is one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, having held that position under several of the most important dynasties in Chinese history, including the Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang.<br/><br/>Xi'an is the eastern terminus of the Silk Road and home to the Terracotta Army.
Xi'an is the capital of Shaanxi province, and a sub-provincial city in the People's Republic of China. One of the oldest cities in China, with more than 3,100 years of history, the city was known as Chang'an before the Ming Dynasty.<br/><br/>Xi'an is one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, having held that position under several of the most important dynasties in Chinese history, including the Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang.<br/><br/>Xi'an is the eastern terminus of the Silk Road and home to the Terracotta Army.
Xi'an is the capital of Shaanxi province, and a sub-provincial city in the People's Republic of China. One of the oldest cities in China, with more than 3,100 years of history, the city was known as Chang'an before the Ming Dynasty.<br/><br/>Xi'an is one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, having held that position under several of the most important dynasties in Chinese history, including the Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang.<br/><br/>Xi'an is the eastern terminus of the Silk Road and home to the Terracotta Army.
'Our readers will not have forgotten the circumstances of the wreck of the Kite, East Indiaman, on the Chinese coast; and the fate of the crew, and the revolting cruelty practised by the natives on Mrs. Noble, the wife of the captain of the Kite, who was confined in a cage and carried about for six weeks'. <br/><br/>

Sensationalist (and exaggerated) report in the The Illustrated London News (13 August 1842). In fact Mrs Noble was imprisoned in the cage for about two days.
Beetle-fighting and betting thereon, is a traditional pastime among the Northern Thai, sections of the Shan in neighbouring Burma, and the Lao Tai of northern Laos. During the rainy season – between approximately July and October – when the rice is maturing in the paddies and farmers have some free time before the cool season harvest begins, the spectacular tua kuang, or rhinoceros beetles of the region begin their mating season in the forests and jungles of the northern borderlands.<br/><br/>

There are at least five separate types of kuang living in north Thailand. As a group, they are distinguished by the male of the species, which sports a giant, armoured carapace surmounted by horn-like pincers, giving the creatures their common English name 'rhinoceros beetle'. By contrast, the female beetle seems an ordinary, even plain creature – though evidently, and reasonably enough, not to the male. During the mating season, deep in their natural habitat of bamboo groves or sugar cane clumps, the female emits a scent which stimulates the male and helps him find her.
Indonesia / China: Purple-naped Lory. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese and Indonesian birds, 19th century.<br/><br/>

The purple-naped lory (Lorius domicella) is a species of parrot endemic to the Indonesian islands of Seram, Ambom, Haruku and Saparua. Its popularity with the cage-bird trade has led to it being considered an endangered species.
Indonesia / China: Purple-naped Lory. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese and Indonesian birds, 19th century.<br/><br/>

The purple-naped lory (Lorius domicella) is a species of parrot endemic to the Indonesian islands of Seram, Ambom, Haruku and Saparua. Its popularity with the cage-bird trade has led to it being considered an endangered species.
China: Java Sparrow. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese birds, 19th century.<br/><br/>

The Java sparrow (Padda oryzivora), also known as the Java rice bird, Java rice sparrow or Java finch, is a resident breeding bird found in Java, Bali and Bawean in Indonesia. It has been a popular cage bird for centuries, especially in China and Japan, as well as in the mid-1900s United States before their import was banned.<br/><br/>

From a collection of beautifully painted Chinese ornithological studies, mid-19th century, by an anonymous painter.
China: Java Sparrow. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese birds, 19th century.<br/><br/>

The Java sparrow (Padda oryzivora), also known as the Java rice bird, Java rice sparrow or Java finch, is a resident breeding bird found in Java, Bali and Bawean in Indonesia. It has been a popular cage bird for centuries, especially in China and Japan, as well as in the mid-1900s United States before their import was banned.<br/><br/>

From a collection of beautifully painted Chinese ornithological studies, mid-19th century, by an anonymous painter.
Ragamala Paintings are a series of illustrative paintings from medieval India based on Ragamala or the 'Garland of Ragas', depicting various Indian musical nodes, Ragas. They stand as a classical example of the amalgamation of art, poetry and classical music in medieval India. Ragamala paintings were created in most schools of Indian painting, starting in the 16th and 17th centuries and are today named accordingly, as Pahari Ragamala, Rajasthan or Rajput Ragamala, Deccan Ragamala, and Mughal Ragamala.
Keeping caged songbirds was and is a popular pastime in China.
By 1921, banditry was dramatically curtailed in Afghanistan by harsh punishments, such as being imprisoned in a suspended cage and left to die of stravation and exposure.
From 1746 to 1749, the Swedish ship Götha Lejon sailed on a mercantile mission to Canton. Several accounts of what transpired have survived. A handwritten journal has been attributed to Carl Fredrik von Schantz (1727-92). Another account of the mission of Götha Lejon was compiled by Carl Johan Gethe (1728-65), a cartographer and natural historian. His diary is titled ‘Diary of a Journey to East India begun on 18 October 1746 and ending June 20, 1749’.<br/><br/>

The Swedish East India Company (Swedish: Svenska Ostindiska Companiet or SOIC) was founded in 1731 in Gothenburg, Sweden, for the purpose of conducting trade with the Far East, and grew to become the largest trading company in Sweden during the 18th century. It closed in 1813.
Phra Chedi Luang sits atop Khao Tang Kuan, a hill to the north of Songkhla town. The temple was built during the reign of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V, r.1868 - 1910).<br/><br/>

The name Songkhla is actually the Thai corruption of Singgora (Jawi: سيڠڬورا); its original name means 'the city of lions' in Malay. This refers to a lion-shaped mountain near the city of Songkhla.<br/><br/>

Songkhla was the seat of an old Malay Kingdom with heavy Srivijayan influence. In ancient times (200 AD - 1400 AD), Songkhla formed the northern extremity of the Malay Kingdom of Langkasuka. The city-state then became a tributary of Nakhon Si Thammarat, suffering damage during several attempts to gain independence.
Phra Chedi Luang sits atop Khao Tang Kuan, a hill to the north of Songkhla town. The temple was built during the reign of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V, r.1868 - 1910).<br/><br/>

The name Songkhla is actually the Thai corruption of Singgora (Jawi: سيڠڬورا); its original name means 'the city of lions' in Malay. This refers to a lion-shaped mountain near the city of Songkhla.<br/><br/>

Songkhla was the seat of an old Malay Kingdom with heavy Srivijayan influence. In ancient times (200 AD - 1400 AD), Songkhla formed the northern extremity of the Malay Kingdom of Langkasuka. The city-state then became a tributary of Nakhon Si Thammarat, suffering damage during several attempts to gain independence.
The red-whiskered bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus) is a passerine bird found in Asia. It is a member of the bulbul family. It is a resident frugivore found mainly in tropical Asia.<br/><br/>

The Samui Archipelago was first ‘discovered’ as a budget traveler’s paradise back in the 1970s, but has since moved considerably upmarket. Together with Phuket, the main island of the group, Ko Samui, is Thailand’s premier beach resort, and is truly a lovely island.<br/><br/>

The chief seaside destinations are Chaweng Beach on the island’s east coast and Lamai on the south coast. The island is ringed by a well-maintained metalled road, and the hilly interior is simply packed with more coconut trees than it seems possible to imagine.