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Yasunari Kawabata (11 June 1899 – 16 April 1972) was a Japanese novelist and short story writer whose spare, lyrical, subtly-shaded prose works won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1968, the first Japanese author to receive the award.<br/><br/> His works have enjoyed broad international appeal and are still widely read.
The Tay Ho Pagoda is dedicated to the Mother Goddess and is believed to date from the 17th century CE. The Mother Goddess, also known as Princess Lieu Hanh, is one of The Four Immortals of Thanism (a Vietnamese folk religion practised by about 45% of the population).
In the early 1900s, manufactures of Turkish and Egyptian cigarettes tripled their sales and became major competitors to leading brands. The New York-based Greek tobacconist Soterios Anargyros produced hand-rolled Murad cigarettes, made of pure Turkish tobacco.<br/><br/> Many of the Murad advertisements others incorporated Orientalist motifs or models dressed in Middle Eastern dress.
In the early 1900s, manufacturers of Turkish and Egyptian cigarettes tripled their sales and became legitimate competitors to leading brands. In 1911, The American Tobacco Company introduced Omar, a premium Turkish blend cigarette, in order to compete with other leading Turkish brands like Murad.<br/><br/> The cigarette was named after the medieval Persian poet Omar Khayyam, who experienced a resurgence of popularity from 1900-1930. Advertisements for Omar cigarettes referenced Khayyam's famous poem, The Rubaiyat , and focused on themes of pleasure, leisure, and luxury.
Advertisement characteristic of 'Old Shanghai' in the 1920-1940s, a trend started by American newspaperman Carl Crow who lived in Shanghai between 1911 and 1937, starting the first Western advertising agency in the city and creating much of what is thought of today as the 'sexy China Girl' poster and calendar advertisements.<br/><br/> In today's more liberal China, these are making a comeback and are widely considered minor works of art characteristic of 'Old Shanghai'.
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country as Prime Minister from 1922 until he was ousted in 1943.<br/><br/> He ruled constitutionally until 1925, when he dropped all pretense of democracy and set up a legal dictatorship. Known as Il Duce ('The Leader'), Mussolini was the founder of fascism.
In the early 1900s, manufacturers of Turkish and Egyptian cigarettes tripled their sales and became legitimate competitors to leading brands. In 1911, The American Tobacco Company introduced Omar, a premium Turkish blend cigarette, in order to compete with other leading Turkish brands like Murad.<br/><br/> The cigarette was named after the medieval Persian poet Omar Khayyam, who experienced a resurgence of popularity from 1900-1930. Advertisements for Omar cigarettes referenced Khayyam's famous poem, The Rubaiyat , and focused on themes of pleasure, leisure, and luxury.
In the early 1900s, manufactures of Turkish and Egyptian cigarettes tripled their sales and became major competitors to leading brands. The New York-based Greek tobacconist Soterios Anargyros produced hand-rolled Murad cigarettes, made of pure Turkish tobacco.<br/><br/> Many of the Murad advertisements others incorporated Orientalist motifs or models dressed in Middle Eastern dress.
In the early 1900s, manufactures of Turkish and Egyptian cigarettes tripled their sales and became major competitors to leading brands. The New York-based Greek tobacconist Soterios Anargyros produced hand-rolled Murad cigarettes, made of pure Turkish tobacco.<br/><br/> Many of the Murad advertisements others incorporated Orientalist motifs or models dressed in Middle Eastern dress.
Full-length illustration of a fashionably dressed flapper standing with one hand on her hip and a cigarette in the other hand.<br/><br/> Flappers were a generation of young Western women in the 1920s who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior.<br/><br/> Flappers were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup, drinking, treating sex in a casual manner, smoking, driving automobiles, and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms. Flappers had their origins in the liberal period of the Roaring Twenties, the social, political turbulence and increased transatlantic cultural exchange that followed the end of World War I, as well as the export of American jazz culture to Europe.
In the early 1900s, manufactures of Turkish and Egyptian cigarettes tripled their sales and became major competitors to leading brands. The New York-based Greek tobacconist Soterios Anargyros produced hand-rolled Murad cigarettes, made of pure Turkish tobacco.<br/><br/> Many of the Murad advertisements others incorporated Orientalist motifs or models dressed in Middle Eastern dress.
In the early 1900s, manufacturers of Turkish and Egyptian cigarettes tripled their sales and became legitimate competitors to leading brands. In 1911, The American Tobacco Company introduced Omar, a premium Turkish blend cigarette, in order to compete with other leading Turkish brands like Murad.<br/><br/> The cigarette was named after the medieval Persian poet Omar Khayyam, who experienced a resurgence of popularity from 1900-1930. Advertisements for Omar cigarettes referenced Khayyam's famous poem, The Rubaiyat , and focused on themes of pleasure, leisure, and luxury.
In the early 1900s, manufactures of Turkish and Egyptian cigarettes tripled their sales and became major competitors to leading brands. The New York-based Greek tobacconist Soterios Anargyros produced hand-rolled Murad cigarettes, made of pure Turkish tobacco.<br/><br/> Many of the Murad advertisements others incorporated Orientalist motifs or models dressed in Middle Eastern dress.
In the early 1900s, manufacturers of Turkish and Egyptian cigarettes tripled their sales and became legitimate competitors to leading brands. In 1911, The American Tobacco Company introduced Omar, a premium Turkish blend cigarette, in order to compete with other leading Turkish brands like Murad.<br/><br/> The cigarette was named after the medieval Persian poet Omar Khayyam, who experienced a resurgence of popularity from 1900-1930. Advertisements for Omar cigarettes referenced Khayyam's famous poem, The Rubaiyat , and focused on themes of pleasure, leisure, and luxury.
Advertisement characteristic of 'Old Shanghai' in the 1920-1940s, a trend started by American newspaperman Carl Crow who lived in Shanghai between 1911 and 1937, starting the first Western advertising agency in the city and creating much of what is thought of today as the 'sexy China Girl' poster and calendar advertisements.<br/><br/> In today's more liberal China, these are making a comeback and are widely considered minor works of art characteristic of 'Old Shanghai'.
In the early 1900s, manufactures of Turkish and Egyptian cigarettes tripled their sales and became major competitors to leading brands. The New York-based Greek tobacconist Soterios Anargyros produced hand-rolled Murad cigarettes, made of pure Turkish tobacco.<br/><br/> Many of the Murad advertisements others incorporated Orientalist motifs or models dressed in Middle Eastern dress.
In the early 1900s, manufacturers of Turkish and Egyptian cigarettes tripled their sales and became legitimate competitors to leading brands. In 1911, The American Tobacco Company introduced Omar, a premium Turkish blend cigarette, in order to compete with other leading Turkish brands like Murad.<br/><br/> The cigarette was named after the medieval Persian poet Omar Khayyam, who experienced a resurgence of popularity from 1900-1930. Advertisements for Omar cigarettes referenced Khayyam's famous poem, The Rubaiyat , and focused on themes of pleasure, leisure, and luxury.
The Kasthamandap, reputedly built from the wood of a single Sal tree, is a kind of half-open, airy pavilion, covered with a three-tiered roof. The simplicity of the building belies its importance.<br/><br/> The Kasthamandap is thought to have been built in the 14th century, but its origins may go back even further. The present building is presumed to date back to the reign of King Lakshminarasinha (1617-41).<br/><br/> The Kasthamandap contains a small shrine dedicated to saint Gorakhnath, and, in line with Gorakhnath’s bizarre exploits, spiritual aspirants are said in the past to have gathered there to perform the Tantric rite of chakra-puja, or 'circle-worship' (from the Sanskrit chakra, 'circle' and puja, 'worship, prayer').
In the early 1900s, manufactures of Turkish and Egyptian cigarettes tripled their sales and became major competitors to leading brands. The New York-based Greek tobacconist Soterios Anargyros produced hand-rolled Murad cigarettes, made of pure Turkish tobacco.<br/><br/> Many of the Murad advertisements others incorporated Orientalist motifs or models dressed in Middle Eastern dress.
In the early 1900s, manufacturers of Turkish and Egyptian cigarettes tripled their sales and became legitimate competitors to leading brands. In 1911, The American Tobacco Company introduced Omar, a premium Turkish blend cigarette, in order to compete with other leading Turkish brands like Murad.<br/><br/> The cigarette was named after the medieval Persian poet Omar Khayyam, who experienced a resurgence of popularity from 1900-1930. Advertisements for Omar cigarettes referenced Khayyam's famous poem, The Rubaiyat , and focused on themes of pleasure, leisure, and luxury.
In the early 1900s, manufactures of Turkish and Egyptian cigarettes tripled their sales and became major competitors to leading brands. One of the earlier Turkish tobacco cigarettes, Mogul, was introduced in 1892 by the New York-based Greek tobacconist Soterios Anargyros.<br/><br/> Though likely made of a Turkish blend, Moguls were advertised as 'Egyptian Cigarettes'. Many of the Mogul advertisements presented high society models in Western apparel, positioning the cigarette as a luxury product, while others incorporated Orientalist motifs or models dressed in Middle Eastern dress.
In the early 1900s, manufacturers of Turkish and Egyptian cigarettes tripled their sales and became legitimate competitors to leading brands. In 1911, The American Tobacco Company introduced Omar, a premium Turkish blend cigarette, in order to compete with other leading Turkish brands like Murad.<br/><br/> The cigarette was named after the medieval Persian poet Omar Khayyam, who experienced a resurgence of popularity from 1900-1930. Advertisements for Omar cigarettes referenced Khayyam's famous poem, The Rubaiyat , and focused on themes of pleasure, leisure, and luxury.
Advertisement characteristic of 'Old Shanghai' in the 1920-1940s, a trend started by American newspaperman Carl Crow who lived in Shanghai between 1911 and 1937, starting the first Western advertising agency in the city and creating much of what is thought of today as the 'sexy China Girl' poster and calendar advertisements.<br/><br/> In today's more liberal China, these are making a comeback and are widely considered minor works of art characteristic of 'Old Shanghai'.
The Battle of Peleliu was fought between the United States and the Empire of Japan in the Pacific Theater of World War II, from September to November 1944 on the island of Peleliu (in present-day Palau). U.S. Marines of the First Marine Division, and later soldiers of the U.S. Army's 81st Infantry Division, fought to capture an airstrip on the small coral island.<br/><br/> This battle was part of a larger offensive campaign known as Operation Forager, which ran from June to November 1944 in the Pacific Theater of Operations.
In the early 1900s, manufacturers of Turkish and Egyptian cigarettes tripled their sales and became legitimate competitors to leading brands. In 1911, The American Tobacco Company introduced Omar, a premium Turkish blend cigarette, in order to compete with other leading Turkish brands like Murad.<br/><br/> The cigarette was named after the medieval Persian poet Omar Khayyam, who experienced a resurgence of popularity from 1900-1930. Advertisements for Omar cigarettes referenced Khayyam's famous poem, The Rubaiyat , and focused on themes of pleasure, leisure, and luxury.
In the early 1900s, manufactures of Turkish and Egyptian cigarettes tripled their sales and became major competitors to leading brands. One of the earlier Turkish tobacco cigarettes, Mogul, was introduced in 1892 by the New York-based Greek tobacconist Soterios Anargyros.<br/><br/> Though likely made of a Turkish blend, Moguls were advertised as 'Egyptian Cigarettes'. Many of the Mogul advertisements presented high society models in Western apparel, positioning the cigarette as a luxury product, while others incorporated Orientalist motifs or models dressed in Middle Eastern dress.
Advertisement characteristic of 'old Shanghai' in the 1920-1940s, a trend started by American newspaperman Carl Crow who lived in Shanghai between 1911 and 1937, starting the first Western advertising agency in the city and creating much of what is thought of today as the 'sexy China Girl' poster and calendar advertisements.<br/><br/> In today's more liberal China, these are making a comeback and are widely considered minor works of art characteristic of 'Old Shanghai'.
Every late May or June, near the beginning of the Rainy Season, two little-known but archaic rituals are held in the environs of Chiang Mai, northern Thailand. These are the related Pu Sae and Ya Sae ceremonies, which are believed to pre-date the introduction of Buddhism to Northern Thailand. The traditions which they encompass similarly pre-date Thai and even Mon settlement in the area, and are associated with the Lawa, the earliest-known inhabitants of Chiang Mai.<br/><br/> According to tradition, Pu Sae and Ya Sae are the guardian spirits of Chiang Mai. Together with their son, Sudeva Rikshi, they wander the slopes of Doi Suthep (Suthep Mountain), where they are attended by six lesser spirits. Although they are now thought of as 'giants', in their lifetimes Pu Sae and Ya Sae were almost certainly Lawa, the indigenous inhabitants of the region before the establishment of the Mon Kingdom of Haripunjaya (Lamphun), and whilst the Thai still lived mainly in South China.<br/><br/> Legend has it that Pu Sae, Ya Sae and their son were cannibals, who took great delight in human flesh. Once, when the Buddha was travelling in these regions, he passed through the area inhabited by the three cannibals. The fierce family followed his trail, intending to make a meal of him. Whilst meditating at Ban Panghai, Tambon Saluang, Mae Rim, the Buddha became aware of their intentions, and stamped on a boulder which to this day bears his footprint, and has become a shrine.
Advertisng poster for French cigarette paper company Joseph Bardou & Sons featuring a trumpeting elephant in a mix of early 20th century and Orientalist styles.
Message: 'Do you know? It is against the law to sell or give duty free tobacco products to Japanese nationals'. The message is concerned with tobacco industry profits and not health.
Anti-black market poster (violators face three years in prison, 50,000 yen fine), 1948
'Defense for country, tobacco for society" (South Kyoto Tobacco Sellers' Union), 1937 advertisement. Militarism, albeit in stylised form, as two naval automata exhange a light beneath three warplanes. The silhouette of a naval warship is in the background.
Cigarettes tumble from the cornucopia of an Urara cigarette package.
A proletarian feel for this 'Tobacco Profits for National Defense' Week (1930) promotion for Hibiki cigarettes.
1930s style silhouette advertisement for Minori cigarettes - a man in a homburg hat gets a light from a silhouetted hand.
A flying horse - more pegasus than peacock advertises the merits of Peacock cigarettes.
Military men in dress uniform sharing a packet of Chuyu cigarettes.
Japanese woman in traditional dress advertising 'Hiro' (Hero) cigarettes
The pictorial 'Shanghai Manhua' (Shanghai Sketch), published between April 21, 1928 and June 7, 1930, was a mixture of drawings, photographs and images ranging from advertisements to social criticism and political caricatures.<br/><br/> Shanghai Manhua was an outlet for professional cartoonists and sketch masters, generally of an avant garde or progressive nature. Many of the images printed in 'Shanghai Manhua' are observations of urban life in contemporaneous Shanghai, as well as often critical comment on the social mores of the time.
Abdul Hamid II (Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد ثانی, `Abdü’l-Ḥamīd-i sânî; Turkish: İkinci Abdülhamit; 22 September 1842 – 10 February 1918) was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the last Sultan to exert effective autocratic control over the fracturing state. He oversaw a period of decline in the power and extent of the Empire, including widespread pogroms and government massacres against the minorities of the Empire (named the Hamidian massacres after him) as well as an assassination attempt, ruling from 31 August 1876 until he was deposed shortly after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, on 27 April 1909. He was succeeded by his brother Mehmed V.<br/><br/> Despite his conservatism and belief in absolute monarchy, Abdul Hamid was responsible for some modest modernization of the Ottoman Empire during his long reign, including reform of the bureaucracy, the ambitious Hijaz Railway project, the establishment of a system for population registration and control over the press, and the founding of the first modern law school in 1898.<br/><br/> Often known as the Red Sultan or Abdul the Damned due to the atrocities committed against the Empire's minorities under his rule and use of a secret police to silence dissent, Abdul Hamid became more reclusive toward the end of his reign, his worsening paranoia about perceived threats to his personal power and his life leading him to shun public appearances.
As part of the plans for the exploitation of China, during the thirties and forties the subsidiary tobacco industry of the Mitsui Company started production of special 'Golden Bat' cigarettes using the then popular in the Far East trademark. Their circulation was prohibited in Japan and was used only for export.<br/><br/> Local Japanese secret service under the controversial General Kenji Doihara had the control of their distribution in China and Manchuria where the production exported. In their mouthpiece there were hidden small doses of opium or heroin and by this millions of unsuspecting consumers were addicted to these narcotics, while creating huge profits.<br/><br/> The mastermind of the plan, the General of the Imperial Japanese Army Kenji Doihara was later prosecuted and convicted for war crimes before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, before being sentenced to death. Yet no actions ever took place against the company which profited from their production. According to testimony presented at the Tokyo War Crimes trials in 1948, the revenue from the narcotization policy in China, including Manchukuo, was estimated at twenty to thirty million yen per year, while another authority states that the annual revenue was estimated by the Japanese military at 300 million dollars a year.
In the early 1900s, manufacturers of Turkish and Egyptian cigarettes tripled their sales and became legitimate competitors to leading brands. In 1911, The American Tobacco Company introduced Omar, a premium Turkish blend cigarette, in order to compete with other leading Turkish brands like Murad.<br/><br/> The cigarette was named after the medieval Persian poet Omar Khayyam, who experienced a resurgence of popularity from 1900-1930. Advertisements for Omar cigarettes referenced Khayyam's famous poem, The Rubaiyat , and focused on themes of pleasure, leisure, and luxury.
Fenghuang is Chinese for Phoenix and refers to the mythical sacred firebird that can be found in the mythologies of the Persians, Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, Chinese, and (according to Sanchuniathon) the Phoenicians.<br/><br/> Legend suggests that two phoenixes on discovering the town hovered overhead for some considerable time before reluctantly flying away.<br/><br/> Fenghuang town is a well-preserved ancient town supposedly dating back to 248 BC. It is home to the Miao and Tujia minorities. The distinctive architecture includes Ming and Qing styles.
In the early 1900s, manufactures of Turkish and Egyptian cigarettes tripled their sales and became major competitors to leading brands. The New York-based Greek tobacconist Soterios Anargyros produced hand-rolled Murad cigarettes, made of pure Turkish tobacco.<br/><br/> Many of the Murad advertisements others incorporated Orientalist motifs or models dressed in Middle Eastern dress.