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Russia: Ismail Gaspirali (also Gasprinskiy; 1851 - 1914), Crimean Tatar intellectual, educator, publisher and Pan-Turkist politician. He inspired the Jadidist movement in Central Asia. The Jadids were Muslim modernist reformers within the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th century.
The Catalan Atlas (1375) is the most important Catalan map of the medieval period. It was produced by the Majorcan cartographic school and is attributed to Cresques Abraham, a Jewish book illuminator who was self-described as being a master of the maps of the world as well as compasses. It has been in the royal library of France (now the Bibliotheque nationale de France) since the late 14th century.
The Catalan Atlas (1375) is the most important Catalan map of the medieval period. It was produced by the Majorcan cartographic school and is attributed to Cresques Abraham, a Jewish book illuminator who was self-described as being a master of the maps of the world as well as compasses. It has been in the royal library of France (now the Bibliotheque nationale de France) since the late 14th century.
From 1861 to 1890 the Munich publishing firm of Braun and Schneider published plates of historic and contemporary  costume in their magazine Munchener Bilderbogen.<br/><br/>

These plates were eventually collected in book form and published at the turn of the century in Germany and England.
Roger Fenton (28 March 1819 – 8 August 1869) was a pioneering British photographer, one of the first war photographers. The Crimean War was one of the first wars to be documented extensively in written reports and photographs, notably by William Russell (for The Times newspaper) and Roger Fenton respectively. News correspondence reaching Britain from the Crimea was the first time the public were kept informed of the day-to-day realities of war.
Charge of the Light Cavalry Brigade, 25th Oct. 1854, under Major General the Earl of Cardigan, by William Simpson. The print shows Lord Cardigan leading the charge of the light brigade toward Russian artillery on the left, in the foreground, Russian artillery fire on the left flank of the charging light brigade, as artillery on the hills in the background fire on the right flank; Russian cavalry wait in readiness to engage the British or to counterattack.
World War One was to have a devastating impact on Russia. When World War One started in August 1914, Russia responded by patriotically rallying around Nicholas II.<br/><br/>

Military disasters at the Masurian Lakes and Tannenburg greatly weakened the Russian Army in the initial phases of the war. The growing influence of Gregory Rasputin over the Romanov’s did a great deal to damage the royal family and by the end of the spring of 1917, the Romanovs, who had ruled Russia for just over 300 years, were no longer in charge of a Russia that had been taken over by Kerensky and the Provisional Government.<br/><br/>

By the end of 1917, the Bolsheviks led by Lenin had taken power in the major cities of Russia and introduced communist rule in those areas it controlled. The transition in Russia over the space of four years was remarkable – the fall of an autocracy and the establishment of the world’s first communist government.