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Nicolaes Visscher I (1618-1679) was a Dutch cartographer, engraver and publisher, the son of famed Dutch Golden Age draughtsman Claes Janszoon Visscher. He produced various double hemisphere maps, often working alongside his son, Nicolaes Visscher II, who continued the family tradition after his death.<br/><br/> Daniel Stoopendaal (1672-1726) was a Dutch engraver and mapmaker based out of Amsterdam. His well known works include garden and landscape prints, as well as re-engravings of Nicolaes Visscher's maps of the Holy Land, for inclusion in the Keur Bible.
Shigeru Aoki (1882-1911) was a Japanese painter famed for his combining of Japanese mythology and legends with the Western-style art movement that could be found in some late 19th and early 20th century Japanese paintings.<br/><br/> Aoki was born into an ex-samurai household in northern Kyushu. He left his home in 1899 to pursue artistic studies in Tokyo, and soon began to accumulate critical acclaim for his artwork and its use of Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood techniques mixed with Kojiki themes. He died in March 1911 from tuberculosis, aged only 28.
Chester Alan Arthur (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886) was an American attorney and politician who served as the 21st President of the United States (1881–85); he succeeded James A. Garfield upon the latter's assassination.<br/><br/> At the outset, Arthur struggled to overcome a slightly negative reputation, which stemmed from his early career in politics as part of New York's Republican political machine. He succeeded by embracing the cause of civil service reform. His advocacy for, and subsequent enforcement of, the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act was the centerpiece of his administration.
Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was the 19th President of the United States (1877–81).<br/><br/> As president, he oversaw the end of Reconstruction, began the efforts that led to civil service reform, and attempted to reconcile the divisions left over from the Civil War and Reconstruction.
According to the Ring Boxing Record Book, Mendoza was undefeated in 27 straight fights prior to 1788. Bare-knuckle fights ended when an opponent was knocked out or unable to continue (Technical knockout) or by foul or a draw. Thus, Mendoza defeated his first 27 opponents by knockout. Dates and exact locations are unknown, except that all fights were in England.
Paro Taktsang, also known by the names Taktsang Palphug Monastery and the Tiger's Nest, is a major Buddhist sacred site and temple complex built into the 1,000-metre (3,281-foot) cliffside of the upper Paro valley in Bhutan. The elegant structure is perhaps the most well known cultural icon of Bhutan.<br/><br/> The monastery first began construction in 1692 around Taktsang Senge Samdup, a cave where the 8th-century Buddhist sage Padmasambhava, also known as Guru Rinpoche, was said to have meditated in for three years, three months, three days and three hours; Guru Rinpoche is credited for introducing Buddhism to Bhutan, acting as a tutelary deity for the country.<br/><br/> The name Taktsang, which literally translates to "Tigress Lair", comes from the supposed fact that Guru Rinpoche flew to the cave from Tibet on the back of a tigress, who in some legends is said to have been the former wife of an emperor and a disciple of the Guru, named Yeshe Tsogyal.
Paro Taktsang, also known by the names Taktsang Palphug Monastery and the Tiger's Nest, is a major Buddhist sacred site and temple complex built into the 1,000-metre (3,281-foot) cliffside of the upper Paro valley in Bhutan. The elegant structure is perhaps the most well known cultural icon of Bhutan.<br/><br/> The monastery first began construction in 1692 around Taktsang Senge Samdup, a cave where the 8th-century Buddhist sage Padmasambhava, also known as Guru Rinpoche, was said to have meditated in for three years, three months, three days and three hours; Guru Rinpoche is credited for introducing Buddhism to Bhutan, acting as a tutelary deity for the country.<br/><br/> The name Taktsang, which literally translates to "Tigress Lair", comes from the supposed fact that Guru Rinpoche flew to the cave from Tibet on the back of a tigress, who in some legends is said to have been the former wife of an emperor and a disciple of the Guru, named Yeshe Tsogyal.
Paro Taktsang, also known by the names Taktsang Palphug Monastery and the Tiger's Nest, is a major Buddhist sacred site and temple complex built into the 1,000-metre (3,281-foot) cliffside of the upper Paro valley in Bhutan. The elegant structure is perhaps the most well known cultural icon of Bhutan.<br/><br/> The monastery first began construction in 1692 around Taktsang Senge Samdup, a cave where the 8th-century Buddhist sage Padmasambhava, also known as Guru Rinpoche, was said to have meditated in for three years, three months, three days and three hours; Guru Rinpoche is credited for introducing Buddhism to Bhutan, acting as a tutelary deity for the country.<br/><br/> The name Taktsang, which literally translates to "Tigress Lair", comes from the supposed fact that Guru Rinpoche flew to the cave from Tibet on the back of a tigress, who in some legends is said to have been the former wife of an emperor and a disciple of the Guru, named Yeshe Tsogyal.
Paro Taktsang, also known by the names Taktsang Palphug Monastery and the Tiger's Nest, is a major Buddhist sacred site and temple complex built into the 1,000-metre (3,281-foot) cliffside of the upper Paro valley in Bhutan. The elegant structure is perhaps the most well known cultural icon of Bhutan.<br/><br/> The monastery first began construction in 1692 around Taktsang Senge Samdup, a cave where the 8th-century Buddhist sage Padmasambhava, also known as Guru Rinpoche, was said to have meditated in for three years, three months, three days and three hours; Guru Rinpoche is credited for introducing Buddhism to Bhutan, acting as a tutelary deity for the country.<br/><br/> The name Taktsang, which literally translates to "Tigress Lair", comes from the supposed fact that Guru Rinpoche flew to the cave from Tibet on the back of a tigress, who in some legends is said to have been the former wife of an emperor and a disciple of the Guru, named Yeshe Tsogyal.
Paro Taktsang, also known by the names Taktsang Palphug Monastery and the Tiger's Nest, is a major Buddhist sacred site and temple complex built into the 1,000-metre (3,281-foot) cliffside of the upper Paro valley in Bhutan. The elegant structure is perhaps the most well known cultural icon of Bhutan.<br/><br/> The monastery first began construction in 1692 around Taktsang Senge Samdup, a cave where the 8th-century Buddhist sage Padmasambhava, also known as Guru Rinpoche, was said to have meditated in for three years, three months, three days and three hours; Guru Rinpoche is credited for introducing Buddhism to Bhutan, acting as a tutelary deity for the country.<br/><br/> The name Taktsang, which literally translates to "Tigress Lair", comes from the supposed fact that Guru Rinpoche flew to the cave from Tibet on the back of a tigress, who in some legends is said to have been the former wife of an emperor and a disciple of the Guru, named Yeshe Tsogyal.
Paro Taktsang, also known by the names Taktsang Palphug Monastery and the Tiger's Nest, is a major Buddhist sacred site and temple complex built into the 1,000-metre (3,281-foot) cliffside of the upper Paro valley in Bhutan. The elegant structure is perhaps the most well known cultural icon of Bhutan.<br/><br/> The monastery first began construction in 1692 around Taktsang Senge Samdup, a cave where the 8th-century Buddhist sage Padmasambhava, also known as Guru Rinpoche, was said to have meditated in for three years, three months, three days and three hours; Guru Rinpoche is credited for introducing Buddhism to Bhutan, acting as a tutelary deity for the country.<br/><br/> The name Taktsang, which literally translates to "Tigress Lair", comes from the supposed fact that Guru Rinpoche flew to the cave from Tibet on the back of a tigress, who in some legends is said to have been the former wife of an emperor and a disciple of the Guru, named Yeshe Tsogyal.
Paro Taktsang, also known by the names Taktsang Palphug Monastery and the Tiger's Nest, is a major Buddhist sacred site and temple complex built into the 1,000-metre (3,281-foot) cliffside of the upper Paro valley in Bhutan. The elegant structure is perhaps the most well known cultural icon of Bhutan.<br/><br/> The monastery first began construction in 1692 around Taktsang Senge Samdup, a cave where the 8th-century Buddhist sage Padmasambhava, also known as Guru Rinpoche, was said to have meditated in for three years, three months, three days and three hours; Guru Rinpoche is credited for introducing Buddhism to Bhutan, acting as a tutelary deity for the country.<br/><br/> The name Taktsang, which literally translates to "Tigress Lair", comes from the supposed fact that Guru Rinpoche flew to the cave from Tibet on the back of a tigress, who in some legends is said to have been the former wife of an emperor and a disciple of the Guru, named Yeshe Tsogyal.
Paro Taktsang, also known by the names Taktsang Palphug Monastery and the Tiger's Nest, is a major Buddhist sacred site and temple complex built into the 1,000-metre (3,281-foot) cliffside of the upper Paro valley in Bhutan. The elegant structure is perhaps the most well known cultural icon of Bhutan.<br/><br/> The monastery first began construction in 1692 around Taktsang Senge Samdup, a cave where the 8th-century Buddhist sage Padmasambhava, also known as Guru Rinpoche, was said to have meditated in for three years, three months, three days and three hours; Guru Rinpoche is credited for introducing Buddhism to Bhutan, acting as a tutelary deity for the country.<br/><br/> The name Taktsang, which literally translates to "Tigress Lair", comes from the supposed fact that Guru Rinpoche flew to the cave from Tibet on the back of a tigress, who in some legends is said to have been the former wife of an emperor and a disciple of the Guru, named Yeshe Tsogyal.
Paro Taktsang, also known by the names Taktsang Palphug Monastery and the Tiger's Nest, is a major Buddhist sacred site and temple complex built into the 1,000-metre (3,281-foot) cliffside of the upper Paro valley in Bhutan. The elegant structure is perhaps the most well known cultural icon of Bhutan.<br/><br/> The monastery first began construction in 1692 around Taktsang Senge Samdup, a cave where the 8th-century Buddhist sage Padmasambhava, also known as Guru Rinpoche, was said to have meditated in for three years, three months, three days and three hours; Guru Rinpoche is credited for introducing Buddhism to Bhutan, acting as a tutelary deity for the country.<br/><br/> The name Taktsang, which literally translates to "Tigress Lair", comes from the supposed fact that Guru Rinpoche flew to the cave from Tibet on the back of a tigress, who in some legends is said to have been the former wife of an emperor and a disciple of the Guru, named Yeshe Tsogyal.
Paro Taktsang, also known by the names Taktsang Palphug Monastery and the Tiger's Nest, is a major Buddhist sacred site and temple complex built into the 1,000-metre (3,281-foot) cliffside of the upper Paro valley in Bhutan. The elegant structure is perhaps the most well known cultural icon of Bhutan.<br/><br/> The monastery first began construction in 1692 around Taktsang Senge Samdup, a cave where the 8th-century Buddhist sage Padmasambhava, also known as Guru Rinpoche, was said to have meditated in for three years, three months, three days and three hours; Guru Rinpoche is credited for introducing Buddhism to Bhutan, acting as a tutelary deity for the country.<br/><br/> The name Taktsang, which literally translates to "Tigress Lair", comes from the supposed fact that Guru Rinpoche flew to the cave from Tibet on the back of a tigress, who in some legends is said to have been the former wife of an emperor and a disciple of the Guru, named Yeshe Tsogyal.
Paro Taktsang, also known by the names Taktsang Palphug Monastery and the Tiger's Nest, is a major Buddhist sacred site and temple complex built into the 1,000-metre (3,281-foot) cliffside of the upper Paro valley in Bhutan. The elegant structure is perhaps the most well known cultural icon of Bhutan.<br/><br/> The monastery first began construction in 1692 around Taktsang Senge Samdup, a cave where the 8th-century Buddhist sage Padmasambhava, also known as Guru Rinpoche, was said to have meditated in for three years, three months, three days and three hours; Guru Rinpoche is credited for introducing Buddhism to Bhutan, acting as a tutelary deity for the country.<br/><br/> The name Taktsang, which literally translates to "Tigress Lair", comes from the supposed fact that Guru Rinpoche flew to the cave from Tibet on the back of a tigress, who in some legends is said to have been the former wife of an emperor and a disciple of the Guru, named Yeshe Tsogyal.
Tamzhing / Tamshing Lhundrup Monastery is a temple complex in Bumthang District, central Bhutan. Tamzhing Monastery is the most important Nyingma gompa in Bhutan, a Tibetan Buddhist ecclesiastical place of learning that is a mix of a fortification, a vihara (monastery) and a university.<br/><br/> The temple was built in 1501 by Bhutanese saint Pema Lingpa (1450-1521). When he died in 1521, his descendants took care of the temple. It eventually fell into disrepair and neglect under private hands. It stopped being privately owned in 1960, when monks fleeing Tibet returned to the monastery and reestablished a presence there.
Tamzhing / Tamshing Lhundrup Monastery is a temple complex in Bumthang District, central Bhutan. Tamzhing Monastery is the most important Nyingma gompa in Bhutan, a Tibetan Buddhist ecclesiastical place of learning that is a mix of a fortification, a vihara (monastery) and a university.<br/><br/> The temple was built in 1501 by Bhutanese saint Pema Lingpa (1450-1521). When he died in 1521, his descendants took care of the temple. It eventually fell into disrepair and neglect under private hands. It stopped being privately owned in 1960, when monks fleeing Tibet returned to the monastery and reestablished a presence there.
Tamzhing / Tamshing Lhundrup Monastery is a temple complex in Bumthang District, central Bhutan. Tamzhing Monastery is the most important Nyingma gompa in Bhutan, a Tibetan Buddhist ecclesiastical place of learning that is a mix of a fortification, a vihara (monastery) and a university.<br/><br/> The temple was built in 1501 by Bhutanese saint Pema Lingpa (1450-1521). When he died in 1521, his descendants took care of the temple. It eventually fell into disrepair and neglect under private hands. It stopped being privately owned in 1960, when monks fleeing Tibet returned to the monastery and reestablished a presence there.
Tamzhing / Tamshing Lhundrup Monastery is a temple complex in Bumthang District, central Bhutan. Tamzhing Monastery is the most important Nyingma gompa in Bhutan, a Tibetan Buddhist ecclesiastical place of learning that is a mix of a fortification, a vihara (monastery) and a university.<br/><br/> The temple was built in 1501 by Bhutanese saint Pema Lingpa (1450-1521). When he died in 1521, his descendants took care of the temple. It eventually fell into disrepair and neglect under private hands. It stopped being privately owned in 1960, when monks fleeing Tibet returned to the monastery and reestablished a presence there.
Tamzhing / Tamshing Lhundrup Monastery is a temple complex in Bumthang District, central Bhutan. Tamzhing Monastery is the most important Nyingma gompa in Bhutan, a Tibetan Buddhist ecclesiastical place of learning that is a mix of a fortification, a vihara (monastery) and a university.<br/><br/> The temple was built in 1501 by Bhutanese saint Pema Lingpa (1450-1521). When he died in 1521, his descendants took care of the temple. It eventually fell into disrepair and neglect under private hands. It stopped being privately owned in 1960, when monks fleeing Tibet returned to the monastery and reestablished a presence there.
Tamzhing / Tamshing Lhundrup Monastery is a temple complex in Bumthang District, central Bhutan. Tamzhing Monastery is the most important Nyingma gompa in Bhutan, a Tibetan Buddhist ecclesiastical place of learning that is a mix of a fortification, a vihara (monastery) and a university.<br/><br/> The temple was built in 1501 by Bhutanese saint Pema Lingpa (1450-1521). When he died in 1521, his descendants took care of the temple. It eventually fell into disrepair and neglect under private hands. It stopped being privately owned in 1960, when monks fleeing Tibet returned to the monastery and reestablished a presence there.
Tamzhing / Tamshing Lhundrup Monastery is a temple complex in Bumthang District, central Bhutan. Tamzhing Monastery is the most important Nyingma gompa in Bhutan, a Tibetan Buddhist ecclesiastical place of learning that is a mix of a fortification, a vihara (monastery) and a university.<br/><br/> The temple was built in 1501 by Bhutanese saint Pema Lingpa (1450-1521). When he died in 1521, his descendants took care of the temple. It eventually fell into disrepair and neglect under private hands. It stopped being privately owned in 1960, when monks fleeing Tibet returned to the monastery and reestablished a presence there.
Vajrapani, also known as Vajrasattva in Mahayana Buddhism, is one of the earliest of the bodhisattvas, and acts as the guide and protector of Gautama Buddha. In Mahayana Buddhism he is one of the earliest Dharmapalas (wrathful gods), and he is also acknowledged as a deity in the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism. He is directly worshipped in Tibetan Buddhism, and is extensively represented in Buddhist iconography.
Tamzhing / Tamshing Lhundrup Monastery is a temple complex in Bumthang District, central Bhutan. Tamzhing Monastery is the most important Nyingma gompa in Bhutan, a Tibetan Buddhist ecclesiastical place of learning that is a mix of a fortification, a vihara (monastery) and a university.<br/><br/> The temple was built in 1501 by Bhutanese saint Pema Lingpa (1450-1521). When he died in 1521, his descendants took care of the temple. It eventually fell into disrepair and neglect under private hands. It stopped being privately owned in 1960, when monks fleeing Tibet returned to the monastery and reestablished a presence there.
Tamzhing / Tamshing Lhundrup Monastery is a temple complex in Bumthang District, central Bhutan. Tamzhing Monastery is the most important Nyingma gompa in Bhutan, a Tibetan Buddhist ecclesiastical place of learning that is a mix of a fortification, a vihara (monastery) and a university.<br/><br/> The temple was built in 1501 by Bhutanese saint Pema Lingpa (1450-1521). When he died in 1521, his descendants took care of the temple. It eventually fell into disrepair and neglect under private hands. It stopped being privately owned in 1960, when monks fleeing Tibet returned to the monastery and reestablished a presence there.
Tamzhing / Tamshing Lhundrup Monastery is a temple complex in Bumthang District, central Bhutan. Tamzhing Monastery is the most important Nyingma gompa in Bhutan, a Tibetan Buddhist ecclesiastical place of learning that is a mix of a fortification, a vihara (monastery) and a university.<br/><br/> The temple was built in 1501 by Bhutanese saint Pema Lingpa (1450-1521). When he died in 1521, his descendants took care of the temple. It eventually fell into disrepair and neglect under private hands. It stopped being privately owned in 1960, when monks fleeing Tibet returned to the monastery and reestablished a presence there.
Jambay Lhakhang (temple), also known as the Temple of Maitreya, is in Bumthang, also known as Jakar. The temple is alleged to be one of the 108 temples built on a single day by Tibetan King Songtsen Gampo in 659 CE, all for the supposed purpose of pinning down an ogress to earth for obstructing the spread of Buddhism. These 108 temples are spread across Tibet, Bhutan and the borderlands, pinning down various parts of her body. Jambay Lhakhang is one of the best known of these temples.
Jambay Lhakhang (temple), also known as the Temple of Maitreya, is in Bumthang, also known as Jakar. The temple is alleged to be one of the 108 temples built on a single day by Tibetan King Songtsen Gampo in 659 CE, all for the supposed purpose of pinning down an ogress to earth for obstructing the spread of Buddhism. These 108 temples are spread across Tibet, Bhutan and the borderlands, pinning down various parts of her body. Jambay Lhakhang is one of the best known of these temples.
The Kingdom of Bhutan is a landlocked country in the Eastern Himalayas of South Asia, bordered by Tibet and India. Bhutan is the second least populous nation in South Asia after the Maldives, and has never been colonised in its history, having endured independently for centuries.<br/><br/> Situated on the ancient Silk Road, the Bhutanese state developed a unique and distinct national identity based around Buddhism, headed by a spiritual leader known as the Zhabdrug Rinpoche and initially governed as a Buddhist theocracy comprised of many fiefdoms. A civil war in the 19th century led to the rise of the House of Wangchuck and the establishment of ties with the British Empire and India.<br/><br/> Bhutan's capital is Thimphu, the largest city in the country, and it transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy in 2008. Bhutan is notable for its pioneering of the concept of 'gross national happiness', though it is also one of the most isolated and least developed countries in the world.
The Kingdom of Bhutan is a landlocked country in the Eastern Himalayas of South Asia, bordered by Tibet and India. Bhutan is the second least populous nation in South Asia after the Maldives, and has never been colonised in its history, having endured independently for centuries.<br/><br/> Situated on the ancient Silk Road, the Bhutanese state developed a unique and distinct national identity based around Buddhism, headed by a spiritual leader known as the Zhabdrug Rinpoche and initially governed as a Buddhist theocracy comprised of many fiefdoms. A civil war in the 19th century led to the rise of the House of Wangchuck and the establishment of ties with the British Empire and India.<br/><br/> Bhutan's capital is Thimphu, the largest city in the country, and it transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy in 2008. Bhutan is notable for its pioneering of the concept of 'gross national happiness', though it is also one of the most isolated and least developed countries in the world.
The Kingdom of Bhutan is a landlocked country in the Eastern Himalayas of South Asia, bordered by Tibet and India. Bhutan is the second least populous nation in South Asia after the Maldives, and has never been colonised in its history, having endured independently for centuries.<br/><br/> Situated on the ancient Silk Road, the Bhutanese state developed a unique and distinct national identity based around Buddhism, headed by a spiritual leader known as the Zhabdrug Rinpoche and initially governed as a Buddhist theocracy comprised of many fiefdoms. A civil war in the 19th century led to the rise of the House of Wangchuck and the establishment of ties with the British Empire and India.<br/><br/> Bhutan's capital is Thimphu, the largest city in the country, and it transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy in 2008. Bhutan is notable for its pioneering of the concept of 'gross national happiness', though it is also one of the most isolated and least developed countries in the world.
Chokhor Raptse Dzong, more commonly known simply as Trongsa Dzong, was built in 1644-1647 and used to serve as the seat of power for the Wangchuck dynasty prior to its ascension to rulers of Bhutan in 1907. It is the largest dzong fortress in Bhutan, built on a spur that overlooks the gorge of the Mangde Chhu (river).<br/><br/> Trongsa Dzong controls east-west trade, with the precursor of the modern Lateral Road, the only road connecting eastern and western Bhutan, passing through the dzong's courtyard. This allowed its rulers, the Wangchuck dynasty who initially were the <i>penlops</i> (governors) of the region, to close its great doors and effectively divide the country in two if they so wished.
Chokhor Raptse Dzong, more commonly known simply as Trongsa Dzong, was built in 1644-1647 and used to serve as the seat of power for the Wangchuck dynasty prior to its ascension to rulers of Bhutan in 1907. It is the largest dzong fortress in Bhutan, built on a spur that overlooks the gorge of the Mangde Chhu (river).<br/><br/> Trongsa Dzong controls east-west trade, with the precursor of the modern Lateral Road, the only road connecting eastern and western Bhutan, passing through the dzong's courtyard. This allowed its rulers, the Wangchuck dynasty who initially were the <i>penlops</i> (governors) of the region, to close its great doors and effectively divide the country in two if they so wished.
The Kingdom of Bhutan is a landlocked country in the Eastern Himalayas of South Asia, bordered by Tibet and India. Bhutan is the second least populous nation in South Asia after the Maldives, and has never been colonised in its history, having endured independently for centuries.<br/><br/> Situated on the ancient Silk Road, the Bhutanese state developed a unique and distinct national identity based around Buddhism, headed by a spiritual leader known as the Zhabdrug Rinpoche and initially governed as a Buddhist theocracy comprised of many fiefdoms. A civil war in the 19th century led to the rise of the House of Wangchuck and the establishment of ties with the British Empire and India.<br/><br/> Bhutan's capital is Thimphu, the largest city in the country, and it transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy in 2008. Bhutan is notable for its pioneering of the concept of 'gross national happiness', though it is also one of the most isolated and least developed countries in the world.
Khamsum Yulley Namgyal Choeten, also known as Nyizergang Choeten and Punakha Zangdopelri, is a chorten (stupa) in the Yepaisa Valley, a thirty minute uphill walk from the footbridge at Yepaisa Village. The chorten was built in 2004 by the Queen Mother, Ashi Tshering Yandon Wangchuck.
The Kingdom of Bhutan is a landlocked country in the Eastern Himalayas of South Asia, bordered by Tibet and India. Bhutan is the second least populous nation in South Asia after the Maldives, and has never been colonised in its history, having endured independently for centuries.<br/><br/> Situated on the ancient Silk Road, the Bhutanese state developed a unique and distinct national identity based around Buddhism, headed by a spiritual leader known as the Zhabdrug Rinpoche and initially governed as a Buddhist theocracy comprised of many fiefdoms. A civil war in the 19th century led to the rise of the House of Wangchuck and the establishment of ties with the British Empire and India.<br/><br/> Bhutan's capital is Thimphu, the largest city in the country, and it transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy in 2008. Bhutan is notable for its pioneering of the concept of 'gross national happiness', though it is also one of the most isolated and least developed countries in the world.
The Kingdom of Bhutan is a landlocked country in the Eastern Himalayas of South Asia, bordered by Tibet and India. Bhutan is the second least populous nation in South Asia after the Maldives, and has never been colonised in its history, having endured independently for centuries.<br/><br/> Situated on the ancient Silk Road, the Bhutanese state developed a unique and distinct national identity based around Buddhism, headed by a spiritual leader known as the Zhabdrug Rinpoche and initially governed as a Buddhist theocracy comprised of many fiefdoms. A civil war in the 19th century led to the rise of the House of Wangchuck and the establishment of ties with the British Empire and India.<br/><br/> Bhutan's capital is Thimphu, the largest city in the country, and it transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy in 2008. Bhutan is notable for its pioneering of the concept of 'gross national happiness', though it is also one of the most isolated and least developed countries in the world.
The Punakha Dzong, also known as Pungtang Dewa chhenbi Phodrang ('the palace of great happiness or bliss') was built in 1637 - 1638 by the 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche and founder of the Bhutanese state, Ngawang Namgyal (1594 - 1651). It is the second largest and second oldest dzong (fortress) in Bhutan, located at the confluence of the Pho Chhu (father) and Mo Chhu (mother) rivers in the Punakha-Wangdue valley.<br/><br/> Punakha Dzong is the administrative centre of Punakha District, and once acted as the administrative centre and the seat of Bhutan's government until 1855, when the capital was moved to Thimphu, though it still acts as the winter capital for the head of the Bhutanese clergy. It houses sacred relics from the southern Drukpa Lineage of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.
The Punakha Dzong, also known as Pungtang Dewa chhenbi Phodrang ('the palace of great happiness or bliss') was built in 1637 - 1638 by the 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche and founder of the Bhutanese state, Ngawang Namgyal (1594 - 1651). It is the second largest and second oldest dzong (fortress) in Bhutan, located at the confluence of the Pho Chhu (father) and Mo Chhu (mother) rivers in the Punakha-Wangdue valley.<br/><br/> Punakha Dzong is the administrative centre of Punakha District, and once acted as the administrative centre and the seat of Bhutan's government until 1855, when the capital was moved to Thimphu, though it still acts as the winter capital for the head of the Bhutanese clergy. It houses sacred relics from the southern Drukpa Lineage of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.
The Punakha Dzong, also known as Pungtang Dewa chhenbi Phodrang ('the palace of great happiness or bliss') was built in 1637 - 1638 by the 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche and founder of the Bhutanese state, Ngawang Namgyal (1594 - 1651). It is the second largest and second oldest dzong (fortress) in Bhutan, located at the confluence of the Pho Chhu (father) and Mo Chhu (mother) rivers in the Punakha-Wangdue valley.<br/><br/> Punakha Dzong is the administrative centre of Punakha District, and once acted as the administrative centre and the seat of Bhutan's government until 1855, when the capital was moved to Thimphu, though it still acts as the winter capital for the head of the Bhutanese clergy. It houses sacred relics from the southern Drukpa Lineage of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.
The Punakha Dzong, also known as Pungtang Dewa chhenbi Phodrang ('the palace of great happiness or bliss') was built in 1637 - 1638 by the 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche and founder of the Bhutanese state, Ngawang Namgyal (1594 - 1651). It is the second largest and second oldest dzong (fortress) in Bhutan, located at the confluence of the Pho Chhu (father) and Mo Chhu (mother) rivers in the Punakha-Wangdue valley.<br/><br/> Punakha Dzong is the administrative centre of Punakha District, and once acted as the administrative centre and the seat of Bhutan's government until 1855, when the capital was moved to Thimphu, though it still acts as the winter capital for the head of the Bhutanese clergy. It houses sacred relics from the southern Drukpa Lineage of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.
The Punakha Dzong, also known as Pungtang Dewa chhenbi Phodrang ('the palace of great happiness or bliss') was built in 1637 - 1638 by the 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche and founder of the Bhutanese state, Ngawang Namgyal (1594 - 1651). It is the second largest and second oldest dzong (fortress) in Bhutan, located at the confluence of the Pho Chhu (father) and Mo Chhu (mother) rivers in the Punakha-Wangdue valley.<br/><br/> Punakha Dzong is the administrative centre of Punakha District, and once acted as the administrative centre and the seat of Bhutan's government until 1855, when the capital was moved to Thimphu, though it still acts as the winter capital for the head of the Bhutanese clergy. It houses sacred relics from the southern Drukpa Lineage of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.
The Punakha Dzong, also known as Pungtang Dewa chhenbi Phodrang ('the palace of great happiness or bliss') was built in 1637 - 1638 by the 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche and founder of the Bhutanese state, Ngawang Namgyal (1594 - 1651). It is the second largest and second oldest dzong (fortress) in Bhutan, located at the confluence of the Pho Chhu (father) and Mo Chhu (mother) rivers in the Punakha-Wangdue valley.<br/><br/> Punakha Dzong is the administrative centre of Punakha District, and once acted as the administrative centre and the seat of Bhutan's government until 1855, when the capital was moved to Thimphu, though it still acts as the winter capital for the head of the Bhutanese clergy. It houses sacred relics from the southern Drukpa Lineage of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.
The Punakha Dzong, also known as Pungtang Dewa chhenbi Phodrang ('the palace of great happiness or bliss') was built in 1637 - 1638 by the 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche and founder of the Bhutanese state, Ngawang Namgyal (1594 - 1651). It is the second largest and second oldest dzong (fortress) in Bhutan, located at the confluence of the Pho Chhu (father) and Mo Chhu (mother) rivers in the Punakha-Wangdue valley.<br/><br/> Punakha Dzong is the administrative centre of Punakha District, and once acted as the administrative centre and the seat of Bhutan's government until 1855, when the capital was moved to Thimphu, though it still acts as the winter capital for the head of the Bhutanese clergy. It houses sacred relics from the southern Drukpa Lineage of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.
The Punakha Dzong, also known as Pungtang Dewa chhenbi Phodrang ('the palace of great happiness or bliss') was built in 1637 - 1638 by the 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche and founder of the Bhutanese state, Ngawang Namgyal (1594 - 1651). It is the second largest and second oldest dzong (fortress) in Bhutan, located at the confluence of the Pho Chhu (father) and Mo Chhu (mother) rivers in the Punakha-Wangdue valley.<br/><br/> Punakha Dzong is the administrative centre of Punakha District, and once acted as the administrative centre and the seat of Bhutan's government until 1855, when the capital was moved to Thimphu, though it still acts as the winter capital for the head of the Bhutanese clergy. It houses sacred relics from the southern Drukpa Lineage of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.
The Punakha Dzong, also known as Pungtang Dewa chhenbi Phodrang ('the palace of great happiness or bliss') was built in 1637 - 1638 by the 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche and founder of the Bhutanese state, Ngawang Namgyal (1594 - 1651). It is the second largest and second oldest dzong (fortress) in Bhutan, located at the confluence of the Pho Chhu (father) and Mo Chhu (mother) rivers in the Punakha-Wangdue valley.<br/><br/> Punakha Dzong is the administrative centre of Punakha District, and once acted as the administrative centre and the seat of Bhutan's government until 1855, when the capital was moved to Thimphu, though it still acts as the winter capital for the head of the Bhutanese clergy. It houses sacred relics from the southern Drukpa Lineage of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.
The Punakha Dzong, also known as Pungtang Dewa chhenbi Phodrang ('the palace of great happiness or bliss') was built in 1637 - 1638 by the 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche and founder of the Bhutanese state, Ngawang Namgyal (1594 - 1651). It is the second largest and second oldest dzong (fortress) in Bhutan, located at the confluence of the Pho Chhu (father) and Mo Chhu (mother) rivers in the Punakha-Wangdue valley.<br/><br/> Punakha Dzong is the administrative centre of Punakha District, and once acted as the administrative centre and the seat of Bhutan's government until 1855, when the capital was moved to Thimphu, though it still acts as the winter capital for the head of the Bhutanese clergy. It houses sacred relics from the southern Drukpa Lineage of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.
The Punakha Dzong, also known as Pungtang Dewa chhenbi Phodrang ('the palace of great happiness or bliss') was built in 1637 - 1638 by the 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche and founder of the Bhutanese state, Ngawang Namgyal (1594 - 1651). It is the second largest and second oldest dzong (fortress) in Bhutan, located at the confluence of the Pho Chhu (father) and Mo Chhu (mother) rivers in the Punakha-Wangdue valley.<br/><br/> Punakha Dzong is the administrative centre of Punakha District, and once acted as the administrative centre and the seat of Bhutan's government until 1855, when the capital was moved to Thimphu, though it still acts as the winter capital for the head of the Bhutanese clergy. It houses sacred relics from the southern Drukpa Lineage of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.
The Punakha Dzong, also known as Pungtang Dewa chhenbi Phodrang ('the palace of great happiness or bliss') was built in 1637 - 1638 by the 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche and founder of the Bhutanese state, Ngawang Namgyal (1594 - 1651). It is the second largest and second oldest dzong (fortress) in Bhutan, located at the confluence of the Pho Chhu (father) and Mo Chhu (mother) rivers in the Punakha-Wangdue valley.<br/><br/> Punakha Dzong is the administrative centre of Punakha District, and once acted as the administrative centre and the seat of Bhutan's government until 1855, when the capital was moved to Thimphu, though it still acts as the winter capital for the head of the Bhutanese clergy. It houses sacred relics from the southern Drukpa Lineage of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.
The Punakha Dzong, also known as Pungtang Dewa chhenbi Phodrang ('the palace of great happiness or bliss') was built in 1637 - 1638 by the 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche and founder of the Bhutanese state, Ngawang Namgyal (1594 - 1651). It is the second largest and second oldest dzong (fortress) in Bhutan, located at the confluence of the Pho Chhu (father) and Mo Chhu (mother) rivers in the Punakha-Wangdue valley.<br/><br/> Punakha Dzong is the administrative centre of Punakha District, and once acted as the administrative centre and the seat of Bhutan's government until 1855, when the capital was moved to Thimphu, though it still acts as the winter capital for the head of the Bhutanese clergy. It houses sacred relics from the southern Drukpa Lineage of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.
The Punakha Dzong, also known as Pungtang Dewa chhenbi Phodrang ('the palace of great happiness or bliss') was built in 1637 - 1638 by the 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche and founder of the Bhutanese state, Ngawang Namgyal (1594 - 1651). It is the second largest and second oldest dzong (fortress) in Bhutan, located at the confluence of the Pho Chhu (father) and Mo Chhu (mother) rivers in the Punakha-Wangdue valley.<br/><br/> Punakha Dzong is the administrative centre of Punakha District, and once acted as the administrative centre and the seat of Bhutan's government until 1855, when the capital was moved to Thimphu, though it still acts as the winter capital for the head of the Bhutanese clergy. It houses sacred relics from the southern Drukpa Lineage of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.
The Dochula Pass is a Bhutanese mountain pass located on the road from Thimphu to Punakha. Within the pass there are 108 memorial 'chortens' or stupas, known as the 'Druk Wangyal Chortens', built by the eldest Queen Mother, Ashi Dorji Wangmo, in honour of Bhutanese soldiers killed in the December 2003 battle against Assamese insurgents from India.<br/><br/> There is also a monastery located in the pass, the Druk Wangyal Lhakhang (temple), built in honour of Jigme Singye Wanghuck, the fourth Druk Gyalpo (head of state), as well as the Royal Botanical Park, the first to be established in Bhutan.
The Dochula Pass is a Bhutanese mountain pass located on the road from Thimphu to Punakha. Within the pass there are 108 memorial 'chortens' or stupas, known as the 'Druk Wangyal Chortens', built by the eldest Queen Mother, Ashi Dorji Wangmo, in honour of Bhutanese soldiers killed in the December 2003 battle against Assamese insurgents from India.<br/><br/> There is also a monastery located in the pass, the Druk Wangyal Lhakhang (temple), built in honour of Jigme Singye Wanghuck, the fourth Druk Gyalpo (head of state), as well as the Royal Botanical Park, the first to be established in Bhutan.
The Dochula Pass is a Bhutanese mountain pass located on the road from Thimphu to Punakha. Within the pass there are 108 memorial 'chortens' or stupas, known as the 'Druk Wangyal Chortens', built by the eldest Queen Mother, Ashi Dorji Wangmo, in honour of Bhutanese soldiers killed in the December 2003 battle against Assamese insurgents from India.<br/><br/> There is also a monastery located in the pass, the Druk Wangyal Lhakhang (temple), built in honour of Jigme Singye Wanghuck, the fourth Druk Gyalpo (head of state), as well as the Royal Botanical Park, the first to be established in Bhutan.
The Dochula Pass is a Bhutanese mountain pass located on the road from Thimphu to Punakha. Within the pass there are 108 memorial 'chortens' or stupas, known as the 'Druk Wangyal Chortens', built by the eldest Queen Mother, Ashi Dorji Wangmo, in honour of Bhutanese soldiers killed in the December 2003 battle against Assamese insurgents from India.<br/><br/> There is also a monastery located in the pass, the Druk Wangyal Lhakhang (temple), built in honour of Jigme Singye Wanghuck, the fourth Druk Gyalpo (head of state), as well as the Royal Botanical Park, the first to be established in Bhutan.
'Nazi plunder' refers to art theft and other items stolen as a result of the organized looting of European countries during the time of the Third Reich by agents acting on behalf of the ruling Nazi Party of Germany. Plundering occurred from 1933 until the end of World War II, although most plunder was acquired during the war. In addition to gold, silver and currency, cultural items of great significance were stolen, including paintings, ceramics, books, and religious treasures.<br/><br/> Although most of these items were recovered by agents of the Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program (MFAA), affectionately referred to as the Monuments Men, on behalf of the Allies immediately following the war, many are still missing.
The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade took place across the Atlantic Ocean from the 16th through to the 19th centuries. The vast majority of those enslaved that were transported to the New World, many on the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage, were West Africans from the central and western parts of the continent sold by western Africans to western European slave traders, or by direct European capture to the Americas.<br/><br/> The numbers were so great that Africans who came by way of the slave trade became the most numerous Old World immigrants in both North and South America before the late 18th century. Far more slaves were taken to South America than to the north. The South Atlantic economic system centered on producing commodity crops, and making goods and clothing to sell in Europe, and increasing the numbers of African slaves brought to the New World.
A physician by training, in 1668 Dellon sailed to India with the Compaignie de Indes travelling by the way of Madagascar and the Seychelles, and for a time undertook a study of the flora and fauna of the Malabar coast. Dellon left the company in 1673 to set up his medical practice in the then Portuguese colony of Damao (Daman).<br/><br/> Unfortunately, for him, he made enemies of the Inquisition, was arrested shortly thereafter, and imprisoned for two years at Goa. This work, published with permission of Louis XIV is an expose of the Inquisition. First published in Leiden in 1687, it became an immediate bestseller.
Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865.<br/><br/> Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional and political crisis. In doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy.
Mamluk (Arabic: مملوك mamluk (singular), مماليك mamÄlÄ«k (plural)), 'owned'; also transliterated Mamlouk, Turkish: Memlük, also called Kölemen; , Mamluq, Mamluke, Mameluk, Mameluke, Mamaluke or Marmeluke.<br/><br/> A soldier of slave origin, predominantly Cuman or Kipchak and later Circassian and Georgian. The 'Mamluk phenomenon', as David Ayalon dubbed the creation of the specific warrior class, was of great political importance and was extraordinarily long-lived, lasting from the 9th to the 19th century CE. Over time, Mamluks became a powerful military caste in various Muslim societies. Particularly in Egypt, but also in the Levant, Iraq, and India, Mamluks held political and military power.<br/><br/> In some cases, they attained the rank of sultan, while in others they held regional power as amirs or beys. Most notably, Mamluk factions seized the sultanate for themselves in Egypt and Syria in a period known as the Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517). The Mamluk Sultanate famously beat back the Mongols at the Battle of Ayn Jalut and fought the Crusaders effectively driving them out from the Levant by 1291 and officially in 1302 ending the era of the Crusades.<br/><br/> They were predominantly drawn from Turkic tribes, the Cumans and Kipchaks, depending on the period and region in question. While Mamluks were purchased, their status was above ordinary slaves, who were not allowed to carry weapons or perform certain tasks. In places such as Egypt from the Ayyubid dynasty to the time of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, mamluks were considered to be 'true lords', with social status above freeborn Muslims.
A Star of David, often yellow-colored, was used by the Nazis during the Holocaust as a method of identifying Jews. After the German invasion of Poland in 1939 there were initially different local decrees forcing Jews to wear a distinct sign – in the General Government e.g. a white armband with a blue Star of David on it, in the Warthegau a yellow badge in the form of a Star of David on the left side of the breast and on the back. If a Jew was found without wearing the star in public, they could be subjected to severe punishment. The requirement to wear the Star of David with the word Jude (German for Jew) inscribed was then extended to all Jews over the age of 6 in the Reich and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (by a decree issued on September 1, 1941 signed by Reinhard Heydrich) and was gradually introduced in other German-occupied areas.