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The First Anglo-Chinese War (1839–42), known popularly as the First Opium War or simply the Opium War, was fought between the United Kingdom and the Qing Dynasty of China over their conflicting viewpoints on diplomatic relations, trade, and the administration of justice.<br/><br/> Chinese officials wished to stop what was perceived as an outflow of silver and to control the spread of opium, and confiscated supplies of opium from British traders. The British government, although not officially denying China's right to control imports, objected to this seizure and used its newly developed military power to enforce violent redress.<br/><br/> In 1842, the Treaty of Nanking—the first of what the Chinese later called the unequal treaties—granted an indemnity to Britain, the opening of five treaty ports, and the cession of Hong Kong Island, thereby ending the trade monopoly of the Canton System. The failure of the treaty to satisfy British goals of improved trade and diplomatic relations led to the Second Opium War (1856–60). The war is now considered in China as the beginning of modern Chinese history.
The 1st Prince Gong (Gōng Qīnwáng; Wade-Giles: Prince Kung, 11 January 1833-29 May 1898), commonly known in his days as the Sixth Prince), was born Yixin of the Aisin-Gioro clan (the Manchu imperial clan of the ruling Qing Dynasty). He was in charge of governing China in the 1860s and 1870s. He is remembered for being an advocate of maintaining strong ties with Westerners and his attempts to modernise China.<br/><br/> He was popularly nicknamed 'devil number six' in Chinese, in reference to his frequent contacts with Westerners (the 'foreign devils'). He was posthumously granted the character of Zhong (meaning 'loyal') so his official title became Loyal Prince Gong or Gōng Zhōng Qīnwáng.
Consort He (18th century - 1836), nee Nara, was the daughter of Cheng Wen. It is not registered when she entered the Forbidden City in Beijing. Her first mention is when she gave birth to Prince Mianning's oldest son in 1808. Mianning's father, the Jiaqing Emperor, granted her the title of Secondary wife. Prince Mianning ascended the throne as the Daoguang emperor in 1820. After her husband's enthronement she was given the title of Imperial Concubine He, and in 1823 she was elevated to the rank of consort. Consort He died in the sixteenth year of Daoguang's reign and was interred in the Muling mausoleum for imperial concubines.
Tonggiya (or Tunggiya), Empress Shen Cheng, was of the Tongiya clan, and was the daughter of Shu Minga. She became a concubine in her early years and then became Daoguang's official wife in 1808 just after the death of Empress Xiao Mu Cheng. Lady Tongiya gave birth to the eldest daughter of the Daoguang Emperor in 1813, and was elevated to an Empress Consort in 1822. Empress Xiao Shen Cheng died in the thirteenth year of the Daoguang Emperor's reign, and was later interred into the Muling Mausoleum.
Consort Xiang, nee Niuhuru, was the daughter of Jiufu). She entered the Forbidden City in Beijing during the beginning of Emperor Daoguang's reign (1820 - 1850) and was given the title of Worthy Lady Xiang. In 1823 she was promoted to the rank of an imperial concubine. She gave birth to two daughters and a son. Sometime after the birth of her son Yicung she was demoted for a reason unknown, but she was promoted by one rank after the death of Emperor Daoguang in 1850. Consort Xiang died in the eleventh year of Emperor Xianfeng's reign. She was later interred in the Muling mausoleum for Imperial Concubines and restored to a third rank consort by the Tongzhi Emperor.
Empress Xiao Jing Cheng was a concubine of the Daoguang Emperor, mother of Prince Yixin, also known as Prince Gong, and foster mother of Prince Yizhu the Xianfeng Emperor. Empress Xiao Jing Cheng née Borjigit was a Mongol. Her family were descendants of Genghis Khan, who ruled the Mongol Empire in the early thirteenth century. At the time of her birth her family belonged to one of the Mongol banners but in 1855 they entered the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner Corps.
Consort Xiang, nee Niuhuru, was the daughter of Jiufu). She entered the Forbidden City in Beijing during the beginning of Emperor Daoguang's reign (1820 - 1850) and was given the title of Worthy Lady Xiang. In 1823 she was promoted to the rank of an imperial concubine. She gave birth to two daughters and a son. Sometime after the birth of her son Yicung she was demoted for a reason unknown, but she was promoted by one rank after the death of Emperor Daoguang in 1850. Consort Xiang died in the eleventh year of Emperor Xianfeng's reign. She was later interred in the Muling mausoleum for Imperial Concubines and restored to a third rank consort by the Tongzhi Emperor.
Consort Xiang, nee Niuhuru, was the daughter of Jiufu). She entered the Forbidden City in Beijing during the beginning of Emperor Daoguang's reign (1820 - 1850) and was given the title of Worthy Lady Xiang. In 1823 she was promoted to the rank of an imperial concubine. She gave birth to two daughters and a son. Sometime after the birth of her son Yicung she was demoted for a reason unknown, but she was promoted by one rank after the death of Emperor Daoguang in 1850. Consort Xiang died in the eleventh year of Emperor Xianfeng's reign. She was later interred in the Muling mausoleum for Imperial Concubines and restored to a third rank consort by the Tongzhi Emperor.
Consort Xiang, nee Niuhuru, was the daughter of Jiufu). She entered the Forbidden City in Beijing during the beginning of Emperor Daoguang's reign (1820 - 1850) and was given the title of Worthy Lady Xiang. In 1823 she was promoted to the rank of an imperial concubine. She gave birth to two daughters and a son. Sometime after the birth of her son Yicung she was demoted for a reason unknown, but she was promoted by one rank after the death of Emperor Daoguang in 1850. Consort Xiang died in the eleventh year of Emperor Xianfeng's reign. She was later interred in the Muling mausoleum for Imperial Concubines and restored to a third rank consort by the Tongzhi Emperor.
Empress Xiao Quan Cheng (1808–1840), born Lady Niuhuru, third Qing Dynasty Empress Consort of the Daoguang Emperor (1782–1850). Niuhuru was born to Baron Liyang of the Niuhuru clan, an official in the city of Suzhou in the south. In 1820, at the age of twelve, she was given as a concubine 'of the third class' to the new emperor in the Forbidden City. Two years after the death of the Emperor's second Empress Xiao Shen Cheng in 1833, Niuhuru was officially made Empress Consort with the title of 'Empress Xiao Quan Cheng'. Empress Xiao Quan Cheng died in 1840 aged 32, being 7 years Empress Consort. She was the mother of the Xianfeng Emperor.
Empress Mu Cheng was of the Niuhuru clan. She was the first Empress Consort of the Qing Dynasty Daoguang Emperor. Niuhuru became the principal wife of the then Prince Mianning in 1796. She died in 1808, and when in 1820 Mianning (Minning) ascended the throne as the Daoguang emperor, Niuhuru was posthumously made Empress and given the title of "Empress Xiao Mu Cheng". Long after her death she was removed from her tomb to the Muling mausoleum.
Consort He (18th century - 1836), nee Nara, was the daughter of Cheng Wen. It is not registered when she entered the Forbidden City in Beijing. Her first mention is when she gave birth to Prince Mianning's oldest son in 1808. Mianning's father, the Jiaqing Emperor, granted her the title of Secondary wife. Prince Mianning ascended the throne as the Daoguang emperor in 1820. After her husband's enthronement she was given the title of Imperial Concubine He, and in 1823 she was elevated to the rank of consort. Consort He died in the sixteenth year of Daoguang's reign and was interred in the Muling mausoleum for imperial concubines.
Empress Xiao Quan Cheng (1808–1840), born Lady Niuhuru, third Qing Dynasty Empress Consort of the Daoguang Emperor (1782–1850). Niuhuru was born to Baron Liyang of the Niuhuru clan, an official in the city of Suzhou in the south. In 1820, at the age of twelve, she was given as a concubine 'of the third class' to the new emperor in the Forbidden City. Two years after the death of the Emperor's second Empress Xiao Shen Cheng in 1833, Niuhuru was officially made Empress Consort with the title of 'Empress Xiao Quan Cheng'. Empress Xiao Quan Cheng died in 1840 aged 32, being 7 years Empress Consort. She was the mother of the Xianfeng Emperor.
Empress Xiao Jing Cheng was a concubine of the Daoguang Emperor, mother of Prince Yixin, also known as Prince Gong, and foster mother of Prince Yizhu the Xianfeng Emperor. Empress Xiao Jing Cheng née Borjigit was a Mongol. Her family were descendants of Genghis Khan, who ruled the Mongol Empire in the early thirteenth century. At the time of her birth her family belonged to one of the Mongol banners but in 1855 they entered the Manchu Plain Yellow Banner Corps.
Tonggiya (or Tunggiya), Empress Shen Cheng, was of the Tongiya clan, and was the daughter of Shu Minga. She became a concubine in her early years and then became Daoguang's official wife in 1808 just after the death of Empress Xiao Mu Cheng. Lady Tongiya gave birth to the eldest daughter of the Daoguang Emperor in 1813, and was elevated to an Empress Consort in 1822. Empress Xiao Shen Cheng died in the thirteenth year of the Daoguang Emperor's reign, and was later interred into the Muling Mausoleum.
The Daoguang Emperor (16 September 1782 – 25 February 1850) was the seventh emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the sixth Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1820 to 1850.
The Daoguang Emperor (16 September 1782 – 25 February 1850) was the seventh emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the sixth Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1820 to 1850.