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Germany: Portrait of Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 - 12 February 1804), German philosopher and writer. Oil painting by Gottlieb Doebler (c. 1762 - 1810), 1791. Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher considered by many as a vital figure in the development of modern philosophy. Kant argued that the human mind forms the structure of human experience, and that reason was the source of morality, among many other ideas. He was one of the earliest exponents of the belief that perpetual peace could be achieved through universal democracy and international cooperation.
Socrates (Greek: Σωκράτης, c. 469 – 399 BCE) was a classical Greek Athenian philosopher. Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon, and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. Many would claim that Plato's dialogues are the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity.<br/><br/> Through his portrayal in Plato's dialogues, Socrates has become renowned for his contribution to the field of ethics, and it is this Platonic Socrates who also lends his name to the concepts of Socratic irony and the Socratic method, or elenchus. The latter remains a commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions, and is a type of pedagogy in which a series of questions are asked not only to draw individual answers, but also to encourage fundamental insight into the issue at hand. It is Plato's Socrates that also made important and lasting contributions to the fields of epistemology and logic, and the influence of his ideas and approach remains strong in providing a foundation for much western philosophy that followed.