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Frederick II (1194-1250) was the son of Emperor Henry VI, and was only an infant when crowned King of Sicily by his mother in 1198. When his mother died the same year, he was given to Pope Innocent III, who became his guardian.<br/><br/> When Frederick came of age in 1208, he asserted his power over Sicily. Emperor Otto IV invaded Italy in 1209, hoping to conquer Sicily and bring Frederick to heel, but in 1211, Frederick was elected in absentia as King of Germany by various imperial princes fed up with Otto's rule. Frederick entered Germany with a small army and was formally crowned King of Germany in 1212. He became undisputed ruler in 1215 after Otto's abdication, and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1220.<br/><br/> Frederick fought often with the papacy, and was excommunicated four times, even once being called an Antichrist. He became King of Jerusalem in 1225 through the Sixth Crusade, marrying Yolande of Jerusalem, heiress to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Frederick spoke six languages and was an avid patron of science and the arts, as well as a religious sceptic. He was the first king to explicitly outlaw trials by ordeal, considering them irrational. He fell ill and died peacefully in 1250, the Hohenstaufen dynasty perishing very soon afterwards.
Frederick II (1194-1250) was the son of Emperor Henry VI, and was only an infant when crowned King of Sicily by his mother in 1198. When his mother died the same year, he was given to Pope Innocent III, who became his guardian.<br/><br/> When Frederick came of age in 1208, he asserted his power over Sicily. Emperor Otto IV invaded Italy in 1209, hoping to conquer Sicily and bring Frederick to heel, but in 1211, Frederick was elected in absentia as King of Germany by various imperial princes fed up with Otto's rule. Frederick entered Germany with a small army and was formally crowned King of Germany in 1212. He became undisputed ruler in 1215 after Otto's abdication, and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1220.<br/><br/> Frederick fought often with the papacy, and was excommunicated four times, even once being called an Antichrist. He became King of Jerusalem in 1225 through the Sixth Crusade, marrying Yolande of Jerusalem, heiress to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Frederick spoke six languages and was an avid patron of science and the arts, as well as a religious sceptic. He was the first king to explicitly outlaw trials by ordeal, considering them irrational. He fell ill and died peacefully in 1250, the Hohenstaufen dynasty perishing very soon afterwards.
Frederick II (1194-1250) was the son of Emperor Henry VI, and was only an infant when crowned King of Sicily by his mother in 1198. When his mother died the same year, he was given to Pope Innocent III, who became his guardian.<br/><br/> When Frederick came of age in 1208, he asserted his power over Sicily. Emperor Otto IV invaded Italy in 1209, hoping to conquer Sicily and bring Frederick to heel, but in 1211, Frederick was elected in absentia as King of Germany by various imperial princes fed up with Otto's rule. Frederick entered Germany with a small army and was formally crowned King of Germany in 1212. He became undisputed ruler in 1215 after Otto's abdication, and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1220.<br/><br/> Frederick fought often with the papacy, and was excommunicated four times, even once being called an Antichrist. He became King of Jerusalem in 1225 through the Sixth Crusade, marrying Yolande of Jerusalem, heiress to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Frederick spoke six languages and was an avid patron of science and the arts, as well as a religious sceptic. He was the first king to explicitly outlaw trials by ordeal, considering them irrational. He fell ill and died peacefully in 1250, the Hohenstaufen dynasty perishing very soon afterwards.
The interior frescoes of the dome were begun by Giorgio Vasari (1511 - 1574) and completed by Federico Zuccari (1540 - 1609). The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The interior frescoes of the dome were begun by Giorgio Vasari (1511 - 1574) and completed by Federico Zuccari (1540 - 1609). The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The interior frescoes of the dome were begun by Giorgio Vasari (1511 - 1574) and completed by Federico Zuccari (1540 - 1609). The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The interior frescoes of the dome were begun by Giorgio Vasari (1511 - 1574) and completed by Federico Zuccari (1540 - 1609). The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The interior frescoes of the dome were begun by Giorgio Vasari (1511 - 1574) and completed by Federico Zuccari (1540 - 1609). The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.
The interior frescoes of the dome were begun by Giorgio Vasari (1511 - 1574) and completed by Federico Zuccari (1540 - 1609). The Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flowers) is the main church of Florence. Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is ordinarily called, was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style with the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.<br/><br/> The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink bordered by white and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris.<br/><br/> The cathedral complex, located in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile.