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Sipahi was the name of several Ottoman cavalry corps. It was also the title given to several cavalry units serving in the French and Italian colonial armies during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
A mahout is an elephant rider, trainer, or keeper. Usually, a mahout starts as a boy in the family profession when he is assigned an elephant early in its life. Mahout and elephant remain bonded to each other throughout their lives.
The Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force, commanded by Major General James H. Elmsley and authorised in August 1918, was sent to Vladivostok to bolster the allied presence there. Composed of 4,192 soldiers, the force returned to Canada between April and June 1919.<br/><br/> During this time, the Canadians saw little fighting, with fewer than 100 troops proceeding 'up country' to Omsk, to serve as administrative staff for 1,500 British troops aiding the White Russian government of Admiral Alexander Kolchak. Most Canadians remained in Vladivostok, undertaking routine drill and policing duties in the volatile port city.
The philosophy of Confucius emphasises personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. These values gained prominence in China during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE).<br/><br/> Confucius' thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism. It was introduced to Europe by the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci, who was the first to Latinise the name as 'Confucius'.<br/><br/> His teachings may be found in the Analects of Confucius, a collection of brief aphoristic fragments, which was compiled many years after his death.
The Manusya-loka map represents the world according to the cosmological traditions of Jainism, an ancient religion of India. Human couples are seen in pavilions at different levels, with rivers and world-girdling oceans (blue rings) separating them.<br/><br/> The central continent - Jambudvipa, the island of the rose apple tree - has rivers and six mountains represented by rows with triangles, together with Mount Meru at centre represented by a yellow circle.
Hong Kong (香港, lit. 'Fragrant Harbour') is one of the two Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China, the other being Macau. It is situated on China's south coast and, enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea. It is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour.<br/><br/> With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 93.6% ethnic Chinese and 6.4% from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.<br/><br/> Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War (1941–45), after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty.
Factory was the English term for the trading posts system originally established by Europeans in foreign territories, first within different states of medieval Europe, and later in their colonial possessions.<br/><br/> Factories served simultaneously as market, warehouse, customs, defense and support to the navigation or exploration, headquarters or de facto government of local communities, with the head of the factory being called a factor.
A dragon boat (also dragonboat) is a human-powered watercraft made in the Pearl River Delta region of China's southern Guangdong Province out of teak wood to various designs and sizes. In other parts of China different woods are used to build these traditional watercraft. It is one of a family of Traditional Paddled Long Boats found throughout Asia, Africa, and the Pacific Islands.<br/><br/> Dragonboats are the basis of the team paddling sport of dragon boat racing an amateur watersport which has its roots in an ancient folk ritual of contending villagers held over the past 2000 years throughout southern China and many parts of Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Laos and Cambodia.
A junk is an ancient Chinese sailing vessel design still in use today. Junks were developed during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) and were used as sea-going vessels as early as the 2nd century CE.<br/><br/> They evolved in the later dynasties, and were used throughout Asia for extensive ocean voyages. They were found, and in lesser numbers are still found, throughout South-East Asia and India, but primarily in China, perhaps most famously in Hong Kong.
The Second Opium War, the Second Anglo-Chinese War, the Second China War, the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China, was a war pitting the British Empire and the Second French Empire against the Qing Dynasty of China, lasting from 1856–1860.
Opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, is the species of plant from which opium and poppy seeds are extracted. Opium is the source of many opiates, including morphine, thebaine, codeine, papaverine, and noscapine. The Latin botanical name means the "sleep-bringing poppy", referring to the sedative properties of some of these opiates.
The 25th Cavalry (Frontier Force) was raised by Captain Robert Fitzgerald as the 5th Punjab Irregular Cavalry at Multan in 1849. During the Indian Mutiny they were part of the besieging army at Delhi and took part in the Relief of Lucknow. One squadron fought at Bareilly, where two of its Indian officers won the Order of British India and nine other ranks received the Indian Order of Merit. The regiment was involved in a number of small actions on the North West Frontier with the Punjab Frontier Force. In March 1860, 150 men under an Indian officer attacked a 3,000 strong lashkar of Mahsuds and Waziris at Tank, killing 300 and dispersing the others. In January 1867, an Indian officer with 27 sowars charged a body of 1,000 tribesmen, killed 150 and captured most of the rest. During the Second Afghan War, the 5th Punjab Cavalry were present at the capture of Charasiah and Frederick Roberts the Commanding General ordered that they and the 9th Lancers should have the honour of escorting him into Kabul. During the attack on the Asmai Heights in December 1879, near Kabul, Captain William John Vousden made repeated charges with a small body of men of the 5th Punjab Cavalry, passing through the ranks of an overwhelming force again and again until the enemy fled. Vousden received a Victoria Cross and his ten surviving men the Indian Order of Merit. During the First World War, it served in German East Africa, followed by service in the Third Afghan War of 1919.
The 7th Hariana Lancers was formed in 1846 as a regiment of Bengal Irregular Cavalry raised in Meerut and Cawnpore by Captain Liptrott. The Regiment was raised after the First Sikh War in anticipation of the Second War starting. When the Second Sikh War broke out, they did not become involved in any engagements but found themselves in the reserve force.<br/><br/> In 1857 when the Indian Rebellion broke out they were stationed on the North West Frontier the regiment remained loyal and did not mutiny. As a result of the mutiny and the reconstruction of the Bengal army, the irregular cavalry regiments 8th to 16th were disbanded and the 17th became the 7th Bengal Cavalry. They went to Burma in 1886 during the 3rd Burmese War which would be their last action until the Great War. In 1915 during World War I they were part of the forces sent to Mesopotamia and fought in the Battle of Shaiba where on 13 April Major Wheeler received a posthumous VC. They would lose a squadron in the actions at Kut-Al-Amara, they returned to Bolarum in October 1916.<br/><br/> Like all regiments of the Indian Army, the 7th Cavalry underwent many name changes in the various reorganisations. They are listed below. There seems to be no reason for the name chosen in the 1904 reorganisation other than a large number of the men came from that district.
The 1st Duke of York's Own Lancers (Skinner's Horse) was a unit of the British Indian Army from 1922 to independence and thereafter a unit of the Indian Army.<br/><br/> Its foundation was when it was raised in 1803 as Skinner’s Horse by James Skinner (Sikander Sahib) as an irregular cavalry regiment in the service of the East India Company, the regiment became (and remains) one of the seniormost cavalry regiments of the Armoured Corps of the Indian Army.<br/><br/> There were two regiments of Indian Cavalry raised by Colonel James Skinner in 1803. They became the 1st Bengal Lancers and the 3rd Skinner's Horse. On the reduction of the Indian Army in 1922, they were amalgamated and became Skinner's Horse (1st Duke of York's Own Cavalry). The old 1st Lancers wore yellow uniforms (unique in the world) and the old 3rd wore blue. Each regiment had the full-dress (mounted) long 'Kurta' worn with a turban and cummerbund, also a full-dress (dis-mounted) or levee, dress.<br/><br/> These were not in general use after 1914 but could still be worn by officers on special assignments (e.g. as an aide-de-camp). The mess jacket and waistcoat of the old 1st Bengal Lancers was adopted by the 1922 regiment of Skinner's Horse and was the cold weather mess dress until 1939. All six of these uniforms are in the collection of the National Army Museum.
The 2nd Rajput was originally established as a Bengal Native Battalion in 1798 and brought under royal authority with the declaration of Queen Victoria as Empress of India in 1876.
Krishna (literally 'dark, black, dark-blue') is a central figure of Hinduism and is traditionally attributed the authorship of the Bhagavad Gita. He is an Avatar of Vishnu and considered in some monotheistic traditions as the Supreme Being. Krishna is identified as a historical individual who participated in the events of the Mahābhārata.<br/><br/> Krishna is often described as an infant or young boy playing a flute as in the Bhagavata Purana, or as a youthful prince giving direction and guidance as in the Bhagavad Gita.<br/><br/> The stories of Krishna appear across a broad spectrum of Hindu philosophical and theological traditions. They portray him in various perspectives: a god-child, a prankster, a model lover, a divine hero and the Supreme Being.<br/><br/> The principal scriptures discussing Krishna are the Mahabharata, the Harivamsa, the Bhagavata Purana and the Vishnu Purana.
China: Greater Bird-of-paradise. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The greater bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea apoda) is a bird-of-paradise found in the lowland and hill forests of southwest New Guinea and Indonesia's Aru Islands. It has the most glamorous display in the bird world, with sexually dimorphic plumage, the females being quite plain compared to the males.
China: Greater Bird-of-paradise. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The greater bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea apoda) is a bird-of-paradise found in the lowland and hill forests of southwest New Guinea and Indonesia's Aru Islands. It has the most glamorous display in the bird world, with sexually dimorphic plumage, the females being quite plain compared to the males.
Indonesia / China: Purple-naped Lory. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese and Indonesian birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The purple-naped lory (Lorius domicella) is a species of parrot endemic to the Indonesian islands of Seram, Ambom, Haruku and Saparua. Its popularity with the cage-bird trade has led to it being considered an endangered species.
Indonesia / China: Purple-naped Lory. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese and Indonesian birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The purple-naped lory (Lorius domicella) is a species of parrot endemic to the Indonesian islands of Seram, Ambom, Haruku and Saparua. Its popularity with the cage-bird trade has led to it being considered an endangered species.
China: Satyr Tragopan. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The satyr tragopan (Tragopan satyra), also known as the crimson horned pheasant, is a Himalayan pheasant found in India, Bhutan, Nepal and Tibet. During mating season, males grow blue horns and a gular wattle. When ready to display, they hide behind a rock and inflate their horns, and when females pass by they perform an elaborate display in front of them, stretching to their full height to show off all their ornaments.
From a collection of beautifully painted Chinese ornothological studies, mid-19th century, by an anonymous painter.<br/><br/> The Formosan Blue Magpie (Urocissa caerulea), also called the Taiwan Magpie or the 'long-tailed mountain lady' is a member of the Crow family. In 2007 it was chosen as Taiwan's national bird.
From a collection of beautifully painted Chinese ornothological studies, mid-19th century, by an anonymous painter.<br/><br/> The Silver Pheasant (Lophura nycthemera) is a species of pheasant found in forests, mainly in mountains, of mainland Southeast Asia, and eastern and southern China. The male is black and white, while the female is mainly brown.
China: Java Sparrow. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The Java sparrow (Padda oryzivora), also known as the Java rice bird, Java rice sparrow or Java finch, is a resident breeding bird found in Java, Bali and Bawean in Indonesia. It has been a popular cage bird for centuries, especially in China and Japan, as well as in the mid-1900s United States before their import was banned.<br/><br/> From a collection of beautifully painted Chinese ornithological studies, mid-19th century, by an anonymous painter.
China: Java Sparrow. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The Java sparrow (Padda oryzivora), also known as the Java rice bird, Java rice sparrow or Java finch, is a resident breeding bird found in Java, Bali and Bawean in Indonesia. It has been a popular cage bird for centuries, especially in China and Japan, as well as in the mid-1900s United States before their import was banned.<br/><br/> From a collection of beautifully painted Chinese ornithological studies, mid-19th century, by an anonymous painter.
China: Japanese Quail. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), also known as the coturnix quail, is a species of Old World quail that was first considered a subspecies of the common quail before being considered a separate species. Found across East Asia, it also resides in many parts of Africa and some regions of Europe.
China: Black-capped Kingfisher. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The black-capped kingfisher (Halcyon pileata) is a tree Kingfisher found throughout tropical Asia, from India to China, Korea and Southeast Asia. It was much sought after for its blue feathers, especially in China where they used to make fans and women's ornaments.
China: Black-capped Kingfisher. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The black-capped kingfisher (Halcyon pileata) is a tree Kingfisher found throughout tropical Asia, from India to China, Korea and Southeast Asia. It was much sought after for its blue feathers, especially in China where they used to make fans and women's ornaments.
From a collection of beautifully painted Chinese ornothological studies, mid-19th century, by an anonymous painter.<br/><br/> The Golden Pheasant or 'Chinese Pheasant', (Chrysolophus pictus) is a gamebird of the order Galliformes (gallinaceous birds) and the family Phasianidae. It is native to forests in mountainous areas of western China.
From a collection of beautifully painted Chinese ornothological studies, mid-19th century, by an anonymous painter.<br/><br/> The Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata), or just Mandarin, is a medium-sized perching duck. There are now less than 1,000 pairs left in the wild in China.
China: Red-whiskered Bulbul. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The red-whiskered bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus), or crested bulbul, is a passerine bird and frugivore found across tropical Asia. It has since been introduced to other tropical areas in the world, such as Australia, Hawaii and the United States.
China: Red-whiskered Bulbul. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The red-whiskered bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus), or crested bulbul, is a passerine bird and frugivore found across tropical Asia. It has since been introduced to other tropical areas in the world, such as Australia, Hawaii and the United States.
Shah Shuja (June 23, 1616 – 1660) was the second son of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan and empress Mumtaz Mahal. Emperor Shah Jahan appointed Shah Shuja as the Subahdar or governor of Bengal in 1639. In 1642, Shuja was also given the charge of the province of Orissa. He ruled the provinces for more than twenty years, from 1639 to 1660.
Shah Shuja (June 23, 1616 – 1660) was the second son of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan and empress Mumtaz Mahal. Emperor Shah Jahan appointed Shah Shuja as the Subahdar or governor of Bengal in 1639. In 1642, Shuja was also given the charge of the province of Orissa. He ruled the provinces for more than twenty years, from 1639 to 1660.
Jain cosmology is the description of the shape and functioning of the physical and metaphysical Universe (loka) and its constituents (such as living, matter, space, time etc.) according to Jainism, which includes the canonical Jain texts, commentaries and the writings of the Jain philosopher-monks.<br/><br/> Of all the dvipa (islands) Jambudvipa is very significant because it is in the center of the whole universe. Jambudwip is surrounded by a very high and broad wall. The wall is supposed to be made from precious gold, diamonds and such other jewels. Even the grill work is done by gold and diamonds. There are four mighty gates, protected by deities.<br/><br/> Jambudvipa continent has six mighty mountains, dividing the continent into seven zones (kshetra).
The Indian Elephant (Elephas maximus indicus) is one of three recognized subspecies of the Asian elephant, and native to mainland Asia.<br/><br/> In general, Asian elephants are smaller than African elephants and have the highest body point on the head. The tip of their trunk has one finger-like process. Their back is convex or level. Indian elephants reach a shoulder height of between 2 and 3.5 m (6.6 and 11.5 ft), weigh between 2,000 and 5,000 kg (4,400 and 11,000 lb), and have 19 pairs of ribs. Their skin color is lighter than of maximus with smaller patches of depigmentation, but darker than of sumatranus. Females are usually smaller than males, and have short or no tusks.<br/><br/> Indian elephants are native to mainland Asia: India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malay Peninsular, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and China. They inhabit grasslands, dry deciduous, moist deciduous, evergreen and semi-evergreen forests.