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The 1931 China floods or the 1931 Yellow River floods were a series of devastating floods that occurred in the Republic of China.<br/><br/> The floods are generally considered among one of the deadliest natural disasters ever recorded. Estimates of the total death toll range from 145,000 to between 3.7 million and 4 million.
The 1931 China floods or the 1931 Yellow River floods were a series of devastating floods that occurred in the Republic of China.<br/><br/> The floods are generally considered among one of the deadliest natural disasters ever recorded. Estimates of the total death toll range from 145,000 to between 3.7 million and 4 million.
Limehouse, in Stepney, was London's first Chinatown. The Chinese began settling in Limehouse before 1850, arriving as seamen or ship's launderers. By 1890 sailors from Shanghai were colonizing Pennyfields, Amoy Place and Ming Street, while those from Guangzhou (Canton) and southern China chose Gill Street and Limehouse Causeway, slightly further west.<br/><br/> From the 1890s the Chinese community in the East End grew in size and spread eastwards, from the original settlement in Limehouse Causeway, into Pennyfields. The area provided for the Lascar, Chinese and Japanese sailors working the Oriental routes into the Port of London.<br/><br/> The main attractions for these men were the opium dens, hidden behind shops in Limehouse and Poplar, and also the availability of prostitutes, Chinese grocers, restaurants and seamen's lodging-houses. Hostility from British sailors and the inability of many Chinese to speak English fostered a distinct racial segregation and concentrated more and more Chinese into Limehouse.<br/><br/> From the 1970s, London's Chinatown was increasingly established further to the west, in Soho, centred on Gerrard Street.
The 1931 China floods or the 1931 Yellow River floods were a series of devastating floods that occurred in the Republic of China.<br/><br/> The floods are generally considered among one of the deadliest natural disasters ever recorded. Estimates of the total death toll range from 145,000 to between 3.7 million and 4 million.
The 1931 China floods or the 1931 Yellow River floods were a series of devastating floods that occurred in the Republic of China.<br/><br/> The floods are generally considered among one of the deadliest natural disasters ever recorded. Estimates of the total death toll range from 145,000 to between 3.7 million and 4 million.
The Second Sino-Japanese War (July 7, 1937 – September 9, 1945) was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the war merged into the greater conflict of World War II as a major front of what is broadly known as the Pacific War.<br/><br/> Although the two countries had fought intermittently since 1931, total war started in earnest in 1937 and ended only with the surrender of Japan in 1945. The war was the result of a decades-long Japanese imperialist policy aiming to dominate China politically and militarily and to secure its vast raw material reserves and other economic resources, particularly food and labour. Before 1937, China and Japan fought in small, localized engagements.<br/><br/> Yet the two sides, for a variety of reasons, refrained from fighting a total war. In 1931, the Japanese invasion of Manchuria by Japan's Kwantung Army followed the Mukden Incident. The last of these incidents was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937, marking the beginning of total war between the two countries.