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Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker OM GCSI CB FRS (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was one of the greatest British botanists and explorers of the 19th century.<br/><br/> Hooker was a founder of geographical botany, and Charles Darwin's closest friend. He was Director of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, for twenty years, in succession to his father, William Jackson Hooker, and was awarded the highest honours of British science.<br/><br/> On 11 November 1847 Hooker left England for his three-year-long Himalayan expedition; he would be the first European to collect plants in the Himalaya. He received free passage on HMS Sidon, to the Nile and then travelled overland to Suez where he boarded a ship to India. He arrived in Calcutta on 12 January 1848, then travelled by elephant to Mirzapur, up the Ganges by boat to Siliguri and overland by pony to Darjeeling, arriving on 16 April 1848.<br/><br/> Hooker's survey of hitherto unexplored regions, the Himalayan Journals, dedicated to Charles Darwin, was published by the Calcutta Trigonometrical Survey Office in 1854, abbreviated again in 1855 and later by Ward, Lock, Bowden & Co., 1891.
Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker OM GCSI CB FRS (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was one of the greatest British botanists and explorers of the 19th century.<br/><br/> Hooker was a founder of geographical botany, and Charles Darwin's closest friend. He was Director of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, for twenty years, in succession to his father, William Jackson Hooker, and was awarded the highest honours of British science.<br/><br/> On 11 November 1847 Hooker left England for his three-year-long Himalayan expedition; he would be the first European to collect plants in the Himalaya. He received free passage on HMS Sidon, to the Nile and then travelled overland to Suez where he boarded a ship to India. He arrived in Calcutta on 12 January 1848, then travelled by elephant to Mirzapur, up the Ganges by boat to Siliguri and overland by pony to Darjeeling, arriving on 16 April 1848.<br/><br/> Hooker's survey of hitherto unexplored regions, the Himalayan Journals, dedicated to Charles Darwin, was published by the Calcutta Trigonometrical Survey Office in 1854, abbreviated again in 1855 and later by Ward, Lock, Bowden & Co., 1891.
Hand-colored engraving from 'Moeurs, Usages, et Costumes de tous les Peuples de Monde, d'apres des Documents Authentiques et les Voyages les plus Recents', by Auguste Wahlen (Brussels, 1843-44).
Buddhist monks performing the Gumpa or Devil Dance in Sikkim, now a landlocked Indian state nestled in the Himalayas, but until 1975 (and at the time of this photograph in 1903) an independent Buddhist kingdom ruled by a hereditary ruler called the chogyal.
China: Satyr Tragopan. Watercolour painting from a gouache album of various Chinese birds, 19th century.<br/><br/> The satyr tragopan (Tragopan satyra), also known as the crimson horned pheasant, is a Himalayan pheasant found in India, Bhutan, Nepal and Tibet. During mating season, males grow blue horns and a gular wattle. When ready to display, they hide behind a rock and inflate their horns, and when females pass by they perform an elaborate display in front of them, stretching to their full height to show off all their ornaments.
Rural Tibetans often collect yak dung on a daily basis from the trails to dry out and use as fuel for fires. The Sherpa people rely on small iron stoves to heat their homes and for cooking in their kitchens. Above a certain elevation there just is no wood to be found, and the Chinese government has placed tight restrictions on logging in the protected Himalayan forests.