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Ju Liusun was a character from the classic Ming Dynasty novel 'Fengshen Yanyi'. Ju Liusun was an immortal, and one of the Twelve Golden Xian, twelve of the Taoist Grand Master Yuanshi Tianzun's greatest students. He worked alongside the other twelve Xians and fellow disciple Jiang Ziya to support King Wu of Zhou against the tyrannical King Zhou of Shang. For his efforts, he would eventually become a Buddha, known as Krakucchanda.
Zhang Fei (-221 CE), courtesy name Yide, was a military general serving under the warlord Liu Bei during the Three Kingdoms period. He shared a close brotherly relationship with Liu Bei and Guan Yu, with Zhang Fei and Guan Yu being among the earliest of Liu Bei's supporters.<br/><br/> Zhang Fei fought in various conflicts for Liu Bei, helping to carve out the state of Shu Han. When Liu Bei declared himself emperor, Zhang Fei was promoted to 'Marquis of Xi District'. After Sun Quan's betrayal led to Guan Yu's death and the loss of Jing Province, Liu Bei launched a campaign against his erstwhile ally, ordering Zhang Fei to lead 10,000 troops to rendezvous with Liu Bei's main force. Zhang Fei was assassinated by his own subordinates during the the mobilisation though, who cut off his head and defected to Sun Quan's side.<br/><br/> In the historical novel 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms', Zhang Fei was portrayed as an alcoholic and temperamental man, exceedingly loyal and formidable, but very impatient. He swore an oath of brotherhood with Guan Yu and Liu Bei in a peach garden, becoming closer than brothers.
A fictional event in the historical novel 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms', the Oath of the Peach Garden was an event that occurred sometime in the 180s CE, where Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei swore an oath of fraternity to each other in a peach garden (believed to be in present-day Zhuozhou, Hebei). They became sworn brothers, binding them together in devotion and loyalty. It is an important event that paved the way for the establishment of the Shu Han, with all three men playing significant roles during the Three Kingdoms period.
Liu Bei (161 – 21 June 223 CE) was a warlord, military general and later as Emperor Zhaolie the founder of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms era of Chinese history. Despite having a later start than his rivals and lacking both the material resources and social status they commanded, Liu overcame his many defeats to carve out his own realm, which at its peak spanned modern day Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan, part of Hubei and part of Gansu.
Lu Bu (-February 199 CE), courtesy name Fengxian, was a notorious military general and warlord who lived during the time of the Three Kingdoms. He was infamous for serving and betraying various minor warlords, defecting from one to another with increasing regularity. He managed to take over Yan Province from warlord Cao Cao in 194 CE, but lost it in less than two years. Offered refuge in Xu Province by Liu Bei, Lu Bu in turn betrayed his new benefactor, seizing control of the province from his host.<br/><br/> He formed but quickly broke an alliance with Yuan Shu, after the latter declared himself 'Emperor', an act of treason agaisnt the true Han emperor, and joined forces with Cao Cao and others in attacking the pretenders. He sided with Yuan Shu again in 199 CE though, and was eventually punished for his numerous betrayals by the combined forces of Cao Cao and Liu Bei, resulting in his final defeat in 199 CE, where he was captured and executed by Cao Cao.<br/><br/> Lu Bu is historically and fictionally described as an incredibly fearsome warrior marred by his temperamental behaviour, switching allegiances without warning and guiltlessly betraying his erstwhile allies. His life and achievements are dramatised in the famous historical novel, 'The Romance of the Three Kingdoms', which portrays him as warrior unmatched in his skill and ruthlessness, lacking any morals.
Lu Bu (- February 199 CE), courtesy name Fengxian, was a notorious military general and warlord who lived during the time of the Three Kingdoms. He was infamous for serving and betraying various minor warlords, defecting from one to another with increasing regularity. He managed to take over Yan Province from warlord Cao Cao in 194 CE, but lost it in less than two years. Offered refuge in Xu Province by Liu Bei, Lu Bu in turn betrayed his new benefactor, seizing control of the province from his host.<br/><br/> He formed but quickly broke an alliance with Yuan Shu, after the latter declared himself 'Emperor', an act of treason against the true Han emperor, and joined forces with Cao Cao and others in attacking the pretenders. He sided with Yuan Shu again in 199 CE though, and was eventually punished for his numerous betrayals by the combined forces of Cao Cao and Liu Bei, resulting in his final defeat in 199 CE, where he was captured and executed by Cao Cao.<br/><br/> Lu Bu is historically and fictionally described as an incredibly fearsome warrior marred by his temperamental behaviour, switching allegiances without warning and guiltlessly betraying his erstwhile allies. His life and achievements are dramatised in the famous historical novel, 'The Romance of the Three Kingdoms', which portrays him as warrior unmatched in his skill and ruthlessness, lacking any morals.
Lu Bu (- February 199 CE), courtesy name Fengxian, was a notorious military general and warlord who lived during the time of the Three Kingdoms. He was infamous for serving and betraying various minor warlords, defecting from one to another with increasing regularity. He managed to take over Yan Province from warlord Cao Cao in 194 CE, but lost it in less than two years. Offered refuge in Xu Province by Liu Bei, Lu Bu in turn betrayed his new benefactor, seizing control of the province from his host.<br/><br/> He formed but quickly broke an alliance with Yuan Shu, after the latter declared himself 'Emperor', an act of treason against the true Han emperor, and joined forces with Cao Cao and others in attacking the pretenders. He sided with Yuan Shu again in 199 CE though, and was eventually punished for his numerous betrayals by the combined forces of Cao Cao and Liu Bei, resulting in his final defeat in 199 CE, where he was captured and executed by Cao Cao.<br/><br/> Lu Bu is historically and fictionally described as an incredibly fearsome warrior marred by his temperamental behaviour, switching allegiances without warning and guiltlessly betraying his erstwhile allies. His life and achievements are dramatised in the famous historical novel, 'The Romance of the Three Kingdoms', which portrays him as warrior unmatched in his skill and ruthlessness, lacking any morals.
Lu Bu (- February 199 CE), courtesy name Fengxian, was a notorious military general and warlord who lived during the time of the Three Kingdoms. He was infamous for serving and betraying various minor warlords, defecting from one to another with increasing regularity. He managed to take over Yan Province from warlord Cao Cao in 194 CE, but lost it in less than two years. Offered refuge in Xu Province by Liu Bei, Lu Bu in turn betrayed his new benefactor, seizing control of the province from his host.<br/><br/> He formed but quickly broke an alliance with Yuan Shu, after the latter declared himself 'Emperor', an act of treason against the true Han emperor, and joined forces with Cao Cao and others in attacking the pretenders. He sided with Yuan Shu again in 199 CE though, and was eventually punished for his numerous betrayals by the combined forces of Cao Cao and Liu Bei, resulting in his final defeat in 199 CE, where he was captured and executed by Cao Cao.<br/><br/> Lu Bu is historically and fictionally described as an incredibly fearsome warrior marred by his temperamental behaviour, switching allegiances without warning and guiltlessly betraying his erstwhile allies. His life and achievements are dramatised in the famous historical novel, 'The Romance of the Three Kingdoms', which portrays him as warrior unmatched in his skill and ruthlessness, lacking any morals.
The Ryukyu Kingdom (historical English name: Lewchew, Luchu, or Loochoo) was an independent kingdom that ruled most of the Ryukyu Islands from the 15th to the 19th century. The kings of Ryukyu unified Okinawa Island and extended the kingdom to the Amami Islands in modern-day Kagoshima Prefecture, and the Sakishima Islands near Taiwan.<br/><br/> Despite its small size, the kingdom played a central role in the maritime trade networks of medieval East and Southeast Asia.
Liu Bei (161 – 21 June 223 CE) was a warlord, military general and later as Emperor Zhaolie the founder of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms era of Chinese history. Despite having a later start than his rivals and lacking both the material resources and social status they commanded, Liu overcame his many defeats to carve out his own realm, which at its peak spanned modern day Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan, part of Hubei and part of Gansu.
<i>Nian hua</i> or New Year prints are bold and colourful Chinese woodblock prints, which date back at least to the seventeenth century. Mass-produced, affordable and designed to celebrate most notably the Spring Festival (also known as ‘Chinese New Year’), they are typically full of auspicious symbols for conferring wealth, longevity, happiness and good fortune on the family.<br/><br/> Deities such as stove and door gods, flora and fauna, including the animals of the Chinese zodiac, and well-fed male babies are all common subjects of these posters.<br/><br/> The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) promoted new or ‘revolutionary’ <i>nian hua</i> as early as the second half of the 1920s, because the woodblock print was an attractive, familiar and accessible format, it appealed to the target rural audience, and was easily and widely distributable.
The Doolittle Raid, also known as the Tokyo Raid, on 18 April 1942, was an air raid by the United States on the Japanese capital Tokyo and other places on Honshu island during World War II, the first air raid to strike the Japanese Home Islands. It demonstrated that Japan itself was vulnerable to American air attack, served as retaliation for the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, and provided an important boost to U.S. morale while damaging Japanese morale. The raid was planned and led by Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle.<br/><br/> Sixteen U.S. Army Air Forces B-25B Mitchell medium bombers were launched without fighter escort from the U.S. Navy's aircraft carrier USS Hornet deep in the Western Pacific Ocean, each with a crew of five men. The plan called for them to bomb military targets in Japan, and to continue westward to land in China—landing a medium bomber on Hornet was impossible. Fifteen of the aircraft reached China, and the other one landed in the Soviet Union. All but three of the crew survived, but all the aircraft were lost. Eight crewmen were captured by the Japanese Army in China; three of these were executed.
The Black Flag Army (Chinese: Heiqi Jun; Vietnamese: Quan co den) was a splinter remnant of a bandit group recruited largely from soldiers of ethnic Zhuang background, who crossed the border from Guangxi province of China into Upper Tonkin, in the Empire of Annam (Vietnam) in 1865.<br/><br/> They became known mainly for their fights against French forces in cooperation with both Vietnamese and Chinese authorities. The Black Flag Army is so named because of the preference of its commander, Liu Yongfu, for using black command flags.
Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-ch'i, 24 November 1898 – 12 November 1969) was a Chinese revolutionary, statesman, and theorist. He was Chairman of the People's Republic of China, China's head of state, from 27 April 1959 to 31 October 1968, during which he implemented policies of economic reconstruction in China.<br/><br/> He fell out of favour in the later 1960s during the Cultural Revolution because of his perceived 'right-wing' viewpoints and, it is theorised, because Mao viewed Liu as a threat to his power. He disappeared from public life in 1968 and was labelled China's premier 'Capitalist-roader' and a traitor. He died under harsh treatment in late 1969, but he was posthumously rehabilitated by Deng Xiaoping's government in 1980 and given a state funeral.
'The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Arts' is a Chinese mathematics book, composed by several generations of scholars from the 10th–2nd century BCE, its latest stage being from the 2nd century CE. This book is one of the earliest surviving mathematical texts from China.<br/><br/> It lays out an approach to mathematics that centres on finding the most general methods of solving problems, which may be contrasted with the approach common to ancient Greek mathematicians, who tended to deduce propositions from an initial set of axioms.<br/><br/> Entries in the book usually take the form of a statement of a problem, followed by the statement of the solution, and an explanation of the procedure that led to the solution. These were commented on and advanced by the scholar by Liu Hui in the 3rd century CE.
Totoya Hokkei was a Japanese printmaker and book illustrator. He initially studied painting with Kano Yosen (1735-1808), the head of the Kobikicho branch of the Kano School and <i>okaeshi</i> (official painter) to the Tokugawa shogunate.<br/><br/> Together with Teisai Hokuba (1771-1844), Hokkei was one of Katsushika Hokusai's best students.
Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-ch'i, 24 November 1898 – 12 November 1969) was a Chinese revolutionary, statesman, and theorist. He was Chairman of the People's Republic of China, China's head of state, from 27 April 1959 to 31 October 1968, during which he implemented policies of economic reconstruction in China.<br/><br/> Zhou Enlai was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976.<br/><br/> Zhu De was a Chinese Communist military leader and statesman. He is regarded as the founder of the Chinese Red Army (the forerunner of the People's Liberation Army) and the tactician who engineered the victory of the People's Republic of China during the Chinese Civil War.
'The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Arts' is a Chinese mathematics book, composed by several generations of scholars from the 10th–2nd century BCE, its latest stage being from the 2nd century CE. This book is one of the earliest surviving mathematical texts from China.<br/><br/> It lays out an approach to mathematics that centres on finding the most general methods of solving problems, which may be contrasted with the approach common to ancient Greek mathematicians, who tended to deduce propositions from an initial set of axioms.<br/><br/> Entries in the book usually take the form of a statement of a problem, followed by the statement of the solution, and an explanation of the procedure that led to the solution. These were commented on and advanced by the scholar by Liu Hui in the 3rd century CE.
Southern Song era artist Liu Songnian's Four Generals of Zhongxing' is a group portrait depicting eight people — four generals and four attendants. Sequenced from the left they are attendant, General Yue Fei, attendant, General Zhang Jun, General Han Shizhong, attendant, General Liu Guangshi, and attendant.
The Black Flag Army (Chinese: Heiqi Jun; Vietnamese: Quan co den) was a splinter remnant of a bandit group recruited largely from soldiers of ethnic Zhuang background, who crossed the border from Guangxi province of China into Upper Tonkin, in the Empire of Annam (Vietnam) in 1865. They became known mainly for their fights against French forces in cooperation with both Vietnamese and Chinese authorities. The Black Flag Army is so named because of the preference of its commander, Liu Yongfu, for using black command flags.
Japan: Red Haired Devil Liu Tang or Sekibakki Ryuto, one of the 'One Hundred and Eight Heroes of the Water Margin', half-naked seated on a throne beneath a brocade curtain. Woodblock print by Utagawa Kuniyoshi (1797-1863), 1827-1830. The Water Margin (known in Chinese as Shuihu Zhuan, sometimes abbreviated to Shuihu, known as Suikoden in Japanese, as well as Outlaws of the Marsh, Tale of the Marshes, All Men Are Brothers, Men of the Marshes, or The Marshes of Mount Liang in English, is a 14th century novel and one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. Attributed to Shi Nai'an and written in vernacular Chinese.
Liu Tang, Japanese name Sekihatsuki Ryu To, with banner and sword.<br/><br/> The Water Margin (known in Chinese as Shuihu Zhuan, sometimes abbreviated to Shuihu, 水滸傳), known as Suikoden in Japanese, as well as Outlaws of the Marsh, Tale of the Marshes, All Men Are Brothers, Men of the Marshes, or The Marshes of Mount Liang in English, is a 14th century novel and one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature.<br/><br/> Attributed to Shi Nai'an and written in vernacular Chinese, the story, set in the Song Dynasty, tells of how a group of 108 outlaws gathered at Mount Liang (or Liangshan Marsh) to form a sizable army before they are eventually granted amnesty by the government and sent on campaigns to resist foreign invaders and suppress rebel forces.<br/><br/> In 1827, Japanese publisher Kagaya Kichibei commissioned Utagawa Kuniyoshi to produce a series of woodblock prints illustrating the 108 heroes of the Suikoden. The 1827-1830 series, called '108 Heroes of the Water Margin' or 'Tsuzoku Suikoden goketsu hyakuhachinin no hitori', made Utagawa Kuniyoshi's famous.
Liu was a holder of the senior licentiate degree in the imperial examination system. He entered the Hunan army in 1855, and worked under Li Hongzhang during the suppression of the Taiping Rebellion. In recognition of his services, he was created a baron and awarded the position of governor of Jiangxi, a role in which he served from 1865 to 1874.<br/><br/> In 1875, he was given the position of Viceroy of Liangjiang, but was almost immediately transferred to the post of Viceroy of Liangguang, where he remained for the next four years. He was then returned to the former post, where he served until 1881.<br/><br/> In addition to his regular duties in this post, he was asked in 1880 to advise the emperor on Chinese diplomatic policy toward Russia and Japan. After the French invasion of Vietnam, he also advised the emperor on that matter. Liu spent the next several years in retirement, but was recalled to the same post in 1890.<br/><br/> He contained several anti-missionary movements for the next four years, until he was made Imperial Commissioner in charge of troops at Shanhaiguan, a strategic pass between Chihli and Manchuria.<br/><br/> Liu urged the imperial court to prolong the First Sino-Japanese War, hoping for a favorable outcome for the Chinese side, but returned to his post after the Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed in 1895.<br/><br/> In 1900, Liu gained distinction for controlling the Boxer Rebellion and not following the Imperial edict to exterminate all foreigners in China. Liu Kunyi died in 1902, shortly after submitting three joint reform memorials to the Emperor.
Liu Zongyuan was a Chinese writer who lived in Chang'an during the Tang Dynasty. Liu was born in present-day Yongji, Shanxi. Along with Han Yu, he was a founder of the Classical Prose Movement. He was traditionally classed as one of the Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song.
Cai Wenji was born shortly before 178 CE in what is now Qi County, Kaifeng, Henan. In 195, the chaos after Chancellor Dong Zhuo's death brought Xiongnu nomads into the Chinese capital and Cai Wenji was taken as prisoner to the northern lands. During her captivity, she became the wife of the Xiongnu chieftain Liu Bao and bore him two sons. It was not until twelve years later that Cao Cao, the new Chancellor of Han, ransomed her in the name of her father. When Cai Wenji returned to her homeland, she left her children behind at the frontier. The reason Cao Cao needed her back, was that she was the only one remaining of her clan and he needed her to placate the spirits of her ancestors. Cai Wenji's father Cai Yong was an established writer, but his works were lost in the ravages of war. At Cao Cao's request, Cai Wenji was able to recite from memory up to four hundred out of four thousand of her father's lost works. Later in her life, she wrote two poems describing her turbulent years. Her year of death is unknown. Contemporary (20th century) painting.
China: Empress Zhangxian Mingsu (969-1033), consort of Emperor Zhenzong, 3rd ruler of the Song Dynasty (r.997-1022). Hanging scroll painting, Song Dynasty (960-1279). Lady Liu, formally Zhangxian Mingsu, was the consort of Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty. Initially an entertainer and dancer, she caught the eye of the young Zhenzong, who back then was known as Prince Zhao Yuanxiu, and made her his consort when he became emperor. She eventually became empress and served as de facto co-ruler and regent when the emperor was sick from 1020 until 1022. She also served as regent for her adopted son, Emperor Renzong, who was still a minor at the time of his ascension.
Left to right: Mao Zedong; Peng Zhen (October 12, 1902 – April 26, 1997, a leading member of the Communist Party of China); Norodom Sihanouk, the 'Father-King' of Cambodia; and Liu Shaoqi. 2nd chirman of the People's Republic of China.
China: Empress Zhangxian Mingsu (969-1033), consort of Emperor Zhenzong, 3rd ruler of the Song Dynasty (r.997-1022). Hanging scroll painting, Song Dynasty (960-1279). Lady Liu, formally Zhangxian Mingsu, was the consort of Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty. Initially an entertainer and dancer, she caught the eye of the young Zhenzong, who back then was known as Prince Zhao Yuanxiu, and made her his consort when he became emperor. She eventually became empress and served as de facto co-ruler and regent when the emperor was sick from 1020 until 1022. She also served as regent for her adopted son, Emperor Renzong, who was still a minor at the time of his ascension.
China: Empress Zhangxian Mingsu (969-1033), consort of Emperor Zhenzong, 3rd ruler of the Song Dynasty (r.997-1022). Hanging scroll painting, Song Dynasty (960-1279). Lady Liu, formally Zhangxian Mingsu, was the consort of Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty. Initially an entertainer and dancer, she caught the eye of the young Zhenzong, who back then was known as Prince Zhao Yuanxiu, and made her his consort when he became emperor. She eventually became empress and served as de facto co-ruler and regent when the emperor was sick from 1020 until 1022. She also served as regent for her adopted son, Emperor Renzong, who was still a minor at the time of his ascension.
Jakob Rosenfeld (1903-1952), more commonly known as General Luo, served as the Minister of Health in the 1947 Provisional Communist Military Government of China under Mao Zedong. Rosenfeld, a Jew born in Lemberg, the Austro-Hungarian Empire (today Lviv, Ukraine), was raised in Wöllersdorf near Wiener Neustadt. He graduated in medicine with a specialization in urology from Vienna University. After the Anschluss, Rosenfeld was deported to Dachau concentration camp and later to Buchenwald. In 1939 he was released and had to leave the country within two weeks. Since China did not require Jews to apply for a visa, he fled to the Shanghai ghetto. From 1941 he served the Chinese Communist force as a field doctor for the New Fourth Army, the Eighth Route Army and the Northeast People's Liberation Army during the outbreak of Second Sino-Japanese war and Chinese civil war. He chose to remain in China after the fall of the Nazi regime and participated in the People's Liberation Army's march on Beijing before returning in 1949 to Europe to search for relatives, most of whom had perished in the Holocaust.
Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-ch'i, 24 November 1898 – 12 November 1969) was a Chinese revolutionary, statesman, and theorist. He was Chairman of the People's Republic of China, China's head of state, from 27 April 1959 to 31 October 1968, during which he implemented policies of economic reconstruction in China. He fell out of favour in the later 1960s during the Cultural Revolution because of his perceived 'right-wing' viewpoints and, it is theorised, because Mao viewed Liu as a threat to his power. He disappeared from public life in 1968 and was labelled China's premier 'Capitalist-roader' and a traitor. He died under harsh treatment in late 1969, but he was posthumously rehabilitated by Deng Xiaoping's government in 1980 and given a state funeral.<br/><br/> Wang Guangmei (26 September 1921 - 13 October 2006) was a respected Chinese politician, philanthropist, and First Lady, the wife of Liu Shaoqi, who served as the President of the People's Republic from 1959-1968.
Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-ch'i, 24 November 1898 – 12 November 1969) was a Chinese revolutionary, statesman, and theorist. He was Chairman of the People's Republic of China, China's head of state, from 27 April 1959 to 31 October 1968, during which he implemented policies of economic reconstruction in China. He fell out of favour in the later 1960s during the Cultural Revolution because of his perceived 'right-wing' viewpoints and, it is theorised, because Mao viewed Liu as a threat to his power. He disappeared from public life in 1968 and was labelled China's premier 'Capitalist-roader' and a traitor. He died under harsh treatment in late 1969, but he was posthumously rehabilitated by Deng Xiaoping's government in 1980 and given a state funeral.
Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-ch'i, 24 November 1898 – 12 November 1969) was a Chinese revolutionary, statesman, and theorist. He was Chairman of the People's Republic of China, China's head of state, from 27 April 1959 to 31 October 1968, during which he implemented policies of economic reconstruction in China. He fell out of favour in the later 1960s during the Cultural Revolution because of his perceived 'right-wing' viewpoints and, it is theorised, because Mao viewed Liu as a threat to his power. He disappeared from public life in 1968 and was labelled China's premier 'Capitalist-roader' and a traitor. He died under harsh treatment in late 1969, but he was posthumously rehabilitated by Deng Xiaoping's government in 1980 and given a state funeral.<br/><br/> Deng Xiaoping (Teng Hsiao-p'ing; 22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997) was a Chinese politician, statesman, theorist, and diplomat. As leader of the Communist Party of China, Deng was a reformer who led China towards a market economy. While Deng never held office as the head of state, head of government or General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (historically the highest position in Communist China), he nonetheless served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 to 1992.
Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-ch'i, 24 November 1898 – 12 November 1969) was a Chinese revolutionary, statesman, and theorist. He was Chairman of the People's Republic of China, China's head of state, from 27 April 1959 to 31 October 1968, during which he implemented policies of economic reconstruction in China. He fell out of favour in the later 1960s during the Cultural Revolution because of his perceived 'right-wing' viewpoints and, it is theorised, because Mao viewed Liu as a threat to his power. He disappeared from public life in 1968 and was labelled China's premier 'Capitalist-roader' and a traitor. He died under harsh treatment in late 1969, but he was posthumously rehabilitated by Deng Xiaoping's government in 1980 and given a state funeral.
Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-ch'i, 24 November 1898 – 12 November 1969) was a Chinese revolutionary, statesman, and theorist. He was Chairman of the People's Republic of China, China's head of state, from 27 April 1959 to 31 October 1968, during which he implemented policies of economic reconstruction in China. He fell out of favour in the later 1960s during the Cultural Revolution because of his perceived 'right-wing' viewpoints and, it is theorised, because Mao viewed Liu as a threat to his power. He disappeared from public life in 1968 and was labelled China's premier 'Capitalist-roader' and a traitor. He died under harsh treatment in late 1969, but he was posthumously rehabilitated by Deng Xiaoping's government in 1980 and given a state funeral.<br/><br/> Wang Guangmei (26 September 1921 - 13 October 2006) was a respected Chinese politician, philanthropist, and First Lady, the wife of Liu Shaoqi, who served as the President of the People's Republic from 1959-1968.
Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-ch'i, 24 November 1898 – 12 November 1969) was a Chinese revolutionary, statesman, and theorist. He was Chairman of the People's Republic of China, China's head of state, from 27 April 1959 to 31 October 1968, during which he implemented policies of economic reconstruction in China. He fell out of favour in the later 1960s during the Cultural Revolution because of his perceived 'right-wing' viewpoints and, it is theorised, because Mao viewed Liu as a threat to his power. He disappeared from public life in 1968 and was labelled China's premier 'Capitalist-roader' and a traitor. He died under harsh treatment in late 1969, but he was posthumously rehabilitated by Deng Xiaoping's government in 1980 and given a state funeral.<br/><br/> Wang Guangmei (26 September 1921 - 13 October 2006) was a respected Chinese politician, philanthropist, and First Lady, the wife of Liu Shaoqi, who served as the President of the People's Republic from 1959-1968.
Liu Bei (161 – 21 June 223 CE) was a warlord, military general and later as Emperor Zhaolie the founder of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms era of Chinese history. Despite having a later start than his rivals and lacking both the material resources and social status they commanded, Liu overcame his many defeats to carve out his own realm, which at its peak spanned modern day Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan, part of Hubei and part of Gansu.
Guan Yu (-220 CE), style name Yunchang, was a general serving under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han Dynasty of China. He played a significant role in the civil war that led to the collapse of the Han Dynasty and the establishment of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period, of which Liu Bei was the first emperor.<br/><br/> As one of the best known Chinese historical figures throughout East Asia, Guan's true life stories have largely given way to fictionalised ones, most of which are found in the historical novel 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms' or passed down the generations, in which his deeds and moral qualities have been lionised. Guan is respected as an epitome of loyalty and righteousness.<br/><br/> Guan was deified as early as the Sui Dynasty and is still worshipped by many Chinese people today, especially in southern China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and among many overseas Chinese communities. He is a figure in Chinese folk religion, popular Confucianism, Taoism, and Chinese Buddhism, and small shrines to Guan are almost ubiquitous in traditional Chinese shops and restaurants.
Lu Bu (- February 199 CE), courtesy name Fengxian, was a notorious military general and warlord who lived during the time of the Three Kingdoms. He was infamous for serving and betraying various minor warlords, defecting from one to another with increasing regularity. He managed to take over Yan Province from warlord Cao Cao in 194 CE, but lost it in less than two years. Offered refuge in Xu Province by Liu Bei, Lu Bu in turn betrayed his new benefactor, seizing control of the province from his host.<br/><br/> He formed but quickly broke an alliance with Yuan Shu, after the latter declared himself 'Emperor', an act of treason against the true Han emperor, and joined forces with Cao Cao and others in attacking the pretenders. He sided with Yuan Shu again in 199 CE though, and was eventually punished for his numerous betrayals by the combined forces of Cao Cao and Liu Bei, resulting in his final defeat in 199 CE, where he was captured and executed by Cao Cao.<br/><br/> Lu Bu is historically and fictionally described as an incredibly fearsome warrior marred by his temperamental behaviour, switching allegiances without warning and guiltlessly betraying his erstwhile allies. His life and achievements are dramatised in the famous historical novel, 'The Romance of the Three Kingdoms', which portrays him as warrior unmatched in his skill and ruthlessness, lacking any morals.
Liu Bei (161 – 21 June 223 CE) was a warlord, military general and later as Emperor Zhaolie the founder of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms era of Chinese history. Despite having a later start than his rivals and lacking both the material resources and social status they commanded, Liu overcame his many defeats to carve out his own realm, which at its peak spanned modern day Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan, part of Hubei and part of Gansu.<br/><br/> Yan Liben (Wade–Giles: Yen Li-pen, c. 600-673), formally Baron Wenzhen of Boling, was a Chinese painter and government official of the early Tang Dynasty. His notable works include the Thirteen Emperors Scroll and Northern Qi Scholars Collating Classic Texts. He also painted the Portraits at Lingyan Pavilion, under Emperor Taizong of Tang, commissioned in 643 to commemorate 24 of the greatest contributors to Emperor Taizong's reign, as well as 18 portraits commemorating the 18 great scholars who served Emperor Taizong when he was the Prince of Qin. Yan's paintings included painted portraits of various Chinese emperors from the Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD) up until the Sui Dynasty (581-618) period.
Li Tieguai, also known as Tieguai Li and born as Li Yuan, is a Chinese mythological character and one of the Eight Immortals. Though he is often portrayed as being ill-tempered and irascible, he is benevolent and kind to the poor, sick and the needy, curing and alleviating the pain of others with special medicine from his magical gourd. Li Tieguai was said to have been born during the Yuan Dynasty.<br/><br/> In Chinese folklore, Li Tieguai was said to have originally been Laozi's apprentice, which would have put his birth some time in the sixth century BCE rather than during the Yuan Dynasty. Either way, he is said to have devoted himself to religious contemplation for 40 years, overcoming various tests and tasks Laozi set for him eventually becoming an immortal.<br/><br/> Li Tieguai was said to have been a handsome man once, but during his path towards immortality, there was an incident when his spirit left his body and ascended to Heaven to meet other immortals. While away, his body was cremated, and when Li's spirit returned, he had to enter the corpse of an ugly and disheveled homeless beggar who had just recently starved to death. Li Tieguai is the second most popular of the Eight Immortals, and associated with medicine.
The Zunyi Conference (simplified Chinese: 遵义会议; traditional Chinese: 遵義會議; pinyin: Zūnyì huìyì) was a meeting of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in January 1935 during the Long March. This meeting involved a power struggle between the leadership of Bo Gu and Otto Braun and the opposition led by Mao Zedong. The result was that Mao left the meeting in position to take over military command and become the leader of the Communist Party. The conference was completely unacknowledged until the 1950s and still no detailed descriptions were available until the fiftieth anniversary in 1985.
The Zunyi Conference (simplified Chinese: 遵义会议; traditional Chinese: 遵義會議; pinyin: Zūnyì huìyì) was a meeting of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in January 1935 during the Long March. This meeting involved a power struggle between the leadership of Bo Gu and Otto Braun and the opposition led by Mao Zedong. The result was that Mao left the meeting in position to take over military command and become the leader of the Communist Party. The conference was completely unacknowledged until the 1950s and still no detailed descriptions were available until the fiftieth anniversary in 1985.
Wuhou Ci (Wuhou Ancestral or Memorial Hall) is dedicated to Zhuge Liang, hero of the classic 'The Romance of the Three Kingdoms' and his emperor, Liu Bei. Zhuge Liang (181–234) was a chancellor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. He is often recognised as the greatest and most accomplished strategist of his era.<br/><br/> Chengdu, known formerly as Chengtu, is the capital of Sichuan province in Southwest China. In the early 4th century BC, the 9th Kaiming king of the ancient Shu moved his capital to the city's current location from today's nearby Pixian.
Wuhou Ci (Wuhou Ancestral or Memorial Hall) is dedicated to Zhuge Liang, hero of the classic 'The Romance of the Three Kingdoms' and his emperor, Liu Bei. Zhuge Liang (181–234) was a chancellor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. He is often recognised as the greatest and most accomplished strategist of his era.<br/><br/> Chengdu, known formerly as Chengtu, is the capital of Sichuan province in Southwest China. In the early 4th century BC, the 9th Kaiming king of the ancient Shu moved his capital to the city's current location from today's nearby Pixian.
Wuhou Ci (Wuhou Ancestral or Memorial Hall) is dedicated to Zhuge Liang, hero of the classic 'The Romance of the Three Kingdoms' and his emperor, Liu Bei. Zhuge Liang (181–234) was a chancellor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. He is often recognised as the greatest and most accomplished strategist of his era.<br/><br/> Chengdu, known formerly as Chengtu, is the capital of Sichuan province in Southwest China. In the early 4th century BC, the 9th Kaiming king of the ancient Shu moved his capital to the city's current location from today's nearby Pixian.
Wuhou Ci (Wuhou Ancestral or Memorial Hall) is dedicated to Zhuge Liang, hero of the classic 'The Romance of the Three Kingdoms' and his emperor, Liu Bei. Zhuge Liang (181–234) was a chancellor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. He is often recognised as the greatest and most accomplished strategist of his era.<br/><br/> Chengdu, known formerly as Chengtu, is the capital of Sichuan province in Southwest China. In the early 4th century BC, the 9th Kaiming king of the ancient Shu moved his capital to the city's current location from today's nearby Pixian.
Liu Chen (died 263), titled Prince of Beidi, was the fifth son of Liu Shan, the second ruler of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China and the grandson of Emperor Liu Bei.<br/><br/> Wuhou Ci (Wuhou Ancestral or Memorial Hall) is dedicated to Zhuge Liang, hero of the classic 'The Romance of the Three Kingdoms' and his emperor, Liu Bei. Zhuge Liang (181–234) was a chancellor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. He is often recognised as the greatest and most accomplished strategist of his era.<br/><br/> Chengdu, known formerly as Chengtu, is the capital of Sichuan province in Southwest China. In the early 4th century BC, the 9th Kaiming king of the ancient Shu moved his capital to the city's current location from today's nearby Pixian.
Liu Bei (161 – 21 June 223) was a warlord, military general and later as Emperor Zhaolie the founder of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms era of Chinese history. Despite having a later start than his rivals and lacking both the material resources and social status they commanded, Liu overcame his many defeats to carve out his own realm, which at its peak spanned modern day Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan, part of Hubei and part of Gansu.<br/><br/> Wuhou Ci (Wuhou Ancestral or Memorial Hall) is dedicated to Zhuge Liang, hero of the classic 'The Romance of the Three Kingdoms' and his emperor, Liu Bei. Zhuge Liang (181–234) was a chancellor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. He is often recognised as the greatest and most accomplished strategist of his era.<br/><br/> Chengdu, known formerly as Chengtu, is the capital of Sichuan province in Southwest China. In the early 4th century BC, the 9th Kaiming king of the ancient Shu moved his capital to the city's current location from today's nearby Pixian.
Liu Bei (161 – 21 June 223) was a warlord, military general and later as Emperor Zhaolie the founder of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms era of Chinese history. Despite having a later start than his rivals and lacking both the material resources and social status they commanded, Liu overcame his many defeats to carve out his own realm, which at its peak spanned modern day Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan, part of Hubei and part of Gansu.<br/><br/> Wuhou Ci (Wuhou Ancestral or Memorial Hall) is dedicated to Zhuge Liang, hero of the classic 'The Romance of the Three Kingdoms' and his emperor, Liu Bei. Zhuge Liang (181–234) was a chancellor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. He is often recognised as the greatest and most accomplished strategist of his era.<br/><br/> Chengdu, known formerly as Chengtu, is the capital of Sichuan province in Southwest China. In the early 4th century BC, the 9th Kaiming king of the ancient Shu moved his capital to the city's current location from today's nearby Pixian.
Liu Bei (161 – 21 June 223) was a warlord, military general and later as Emperor Zhaolie the founder of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms era of Chinese history. Despite having a later start than his rivals and lacking both the material resources and social status they commanded, Liu overcame his many defeats to carve out his own realm, which at its peak spanned modern day Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan, part of Hubei and part of Gansu.<br/><br/> Wuhou Ci (Wuhou Ancestral or Memorial Hall) is dedicated to Zhuge Liang, hero of the classic 'The Romance of the Three Kingdoms' and his emperor, Liu Bei. Zhuge Liang (181–234) was a chancellor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. He is often recognised as the greatest and most accomplished strategist of his era.<br/><br/> Chengdu, known formerly as Chengtu, is the capital of Sichuan province in Southwest China. In the early 4th century BC, the 9th Kaiming king of the ancient Shu moved his capital to the city's current location from today's nearby Pixian.