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Francois-Marie Arouet (21 November 1694 - 30 May 1778), more commonly known by his <i>nom de plume</i> Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment historian, philosopher and writer. He was famous for his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of speech and separation of church and state, often attacking the Catholic Church through his wit and writings.<br/><br/> Voltaire was a prolific and versatile writer, with more than 20,000 letters and over 2,000 books and pamphlets to his name, as well as plays, poems, essays and historical and scientific works. Despite the strict censorship laws of the time, Voltaire often spoke up in favour of civil liberties, and regularly used satire to criticise intolerance, religious dogma and other pillars of French institutions of his day.
The First Sino-Japanese War (1 August 1894 - 17 April 1895) was waged beween the Qing Dynasty and the Japanese Empire, primarily over control of the Korean peninsula. In China, the war is commonly known as the War of Jiawu, while in Japan it is called the Japan-Qing War, and in Korea, the Qing-Japan War.<br/><br/> The war lasted 8 months altogether, and saw more than six months of unbroken victories and success by the Japanese land and naval forces against the numerically superior but militarily inferior Chinese army. The Japanese eventually took over the Chinese port city of Weihaiwei and forced the Qing government ot sue for peace in February 1895 CE, though the war would continue until April.<br/><br/> The Sino-Japanese War highlighted the stark failure of the Qing Empire to modernise and advance its armed forces, and resulted in regional dominance in East Asia shifting for the first time from China to Japan. The Korean peninsula, Joseon, was removed from the Chinese sphere of influence and fell under Japanese vassalage instead.
Modern girls ('modan gaaru', also shortened to 'moga') were Japanese women who followed Westernized fashions and lifestyles in the 1920s. These moga were Japan's equivalent of America's flappers, India's kallege ladki, Germany's neue Frauen, France's garconnes, or China's modeng xiaojie.<br/><br/> The period was characterized by the emergence of working class young women with access to money and consumer goods. Modern girls were depicted as living in the cities, being financially and emotionally independent and choosing their own suitors.
Modern girls ('modan gaaru', also shortened to 'moga') were Japanese women who followed Westernized fashions and lifestyles in the 1920s. These moga were Japan's equivalent of America's flappers, India's kallege ladki, Germany's neue Frauen, France's garconnes, or China's modeng xiaojie.<br/><br/> The period was characterized by the emergence of working class young women with access to money and consumer goods. Modern girls were depicted as living in the cities, being financially and emotionally independent and choosing their own suitors.
'Doughboy' was an informal term for a member of the United States Army or Marine Corps, especially used to refer to members of the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I, but initially used in the Mexican-American War of 1846-48.
'Hanatsubaki' is a monthly culturalmagazine issued by Shiseido. It was first issued in 1937. Although it was temporarily discontinued out of necessity for a period of time during and after World War II, it resumed printing in June 1950, 10 years after the discontinuation.<br/><br/> The new 'Hanatsubaki' reflected increasing contemporaneous American cultural and social influence on Japanese society, as evinced in this cover for April, 1954.<br/><br/> Since 2007, the magazine alternately issued 'Miru Hanatsubaki', in which fashion, beauty, art, and culture were vividly expressed on color pages, and 'Yomu Hanatsubaki', in which various reading materials such as novels were included. However, these 2 forms were unified, and the magazine has once again been issued as 'Hanatsubaki' starting in 2012, which was Shiseido’s 140th anniversary and the magazine’s 75th anniversary.
Modern girls ('modan gaaru', also shortened to 'moga') were Japanese women who followed Westernized fashions and lifestyles in the 1920s. These moga were Japan's equivalent of America's flappers, India's kallege ladki, Germany's neue Frauen, France's garconnes, or China's modeng xiaojie.<br/><br/> The period was characterized by the emergence of working class young women with access to money and consumer goods. Modern girls were depicted as living in the cities, being financially and emotionally independent and choosing their own suitors.
Modern girls ('modan gaaru', also shortened to 'moga') were Japanese women who followed Westernized fashions and lifestyles in the 1920s. These moga were Japan's equivalent of America's flappers, India's kallege ladki, Germany's neue Frauen, France's garconnes, or China's modeng xiaojie.<br/><br/> The period was characterized by the emergence of working class young women with access to money and consumer goods. Modern girls were depicted as living in the cities, being financially and emotionally independent and choosing their own suitors.
Hisui Sugiura (May 15, 1876 - August 18, 1965) was a Japanese graphic designer who was a pioneer of modern Japanese graphic design.
Modern girls ('modan gaaru', also shortened to 'moga') were Japanese women who followed Westernized fashions and lifestyles in the 1920s. These moga were Japan's equivalent of America's flappers, India's kallege ladki, Germany's neue Frauen, France's garconnes, or China's modeng xiaojie.<br/><br/> The period was characterized by the emergence of working class young women with access to money and consumer goods. Modern girls were depicted as living in the cities, being financially and emotionally independent and choosing their own suitors.
Saigo Takamori (1828-1877) was one of the most influential samurai in history, and seen by many as the last true samurai. Saigo lived during the late Edo and early Meiji Period, and had been born as Saigo Kokichi, taking the given name Takamori when he became an adult. He also wrote poetry under the name Saigo Nanshu.<br/><br/> Saigo was from the Satsuma Domain (modern Kagoshima Prefecture, and started life as a low-ranking rural samurai. Saigo slowly rose to power and influence, assuming command over Satsuma and its soldiers, and he was a vocal opponent of the negotiated solution that led to the Meiji Restoration, though he still held a key role in the Meiji government. His opposition to modernisation and commerce with the West, as well as his desire to go to war with Korea, eventually led him to retire from government and begin formulating the Satsuma Rebellion.<br/><br/> Saigo began attracting disaffected samurai to his banner, and eventually rose up in revolt to the government trying to disarm them in 1877. Saigo led the rebels, a mixed force of 40,000 samurai, against the much larger Imperial Army, which numbered around 300,000. The Imperial Army was well equipped and militarily modernised, and the Satsuma Rebellion soon dwindled to barely 400 samurai warriors during their final stand at the Battle of Shiroyama. Saigo committed seppuku rather than surrender, and he would later be pardoned posthumously in 1889. With his death ended the reign of the samurai.
Modern girls ('modan gaaru', also shortened to 'moga') were Japanese women who followed Westernized fashions and lifestyles in the 1920s. These moga were Japan's equivalent of America's flappers, India's kallege ladki, Germany's neue Frauen, France's garconnes, or China's modeng xiaojie.<br/><br/> The period was characterized by the emergence of working class young women with access to money and consumer goods. Modern girls were depicted as living in the cities, being financially and emotionally independent and choosing their own suitors.
Charles Robert Darwin, FRS (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors, and in a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding.<br/><br/> Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book 'On the Origin of Species', overcoming scientific rejection of earlier concepts of transmutation of species. By the 1870s the scientific community and much of the general public had accepted evolution as a fact. However, many favoured competing explanations and it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. In modified form, Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life.
Modern girls ('modan gaaru', also shortened to 'moga') were Japanese women who followed Westernized fashions and lifestyles in the 1920s. These moga were Japan's equivalent of America's flappers, India's kallege ladki, Germany's neue Frauen, France's garconnes, or China's modeng xiaojie.<br/><br/> The period was characterized by the emergence of working class young women with access to money and consumer goods. Modern girls were depicted as living in the cities, being financially and emotionally independent and choosing their own suitors.
Modern girls ('modan gaaru', also shortened to 'moga') were Japanese women who followed Westernized fashions and lifestyles in the 1920s. These moga were Japan's equivalent of America's flappers, India's kallege ladki, Germany's neue Frauen, France's garconnes, or China's modeng xiaojie.<br/><br/> The period was characterized by the emergence of working class young women with access to money and consumer goods. Modern girls were depicted as living in the cities, being financially and emotionally independent and choosing their own suitors.
The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade took place across the Atlantic Ocean from the 16th through to the 19th centuries. The vast majority of those enslaved that were transported to the New World, many on the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage, were West Africans from the central and western parts of the continent sold by western Africans to western European slave traders, or by direct European capture to the Americas.<br/><br/> The numbers were so great that Africans who came by way of the slave trade became the most numerous Old World immigrants in both North and South America before the late 18th century. Far more slaves were taken to South America than to the north. The South Atlantic economic system centered on producing commodity crops, and making goods and clothing to sell in Europe, and increasing the numbers of African slaves brought to the New World.
Flappers were a generation of young Western women in the 1920s who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior.<br/><br/> Flappers were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup, drinking, treating sex in a casual manner, smoking, driving automobiles, and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms. Flappers had their origins in the liberal period of the Roaring Twenties, the social, political turbulence and increased transatlantic cultural exchange that followed the end of World War I, as well as the export of American jazz culture to Europe.
Poster art in Japan between approximately 1920 and 1945 mirrors the rapid militarisation of society and the growth of militarism, statism and fascism during the Showa Era.<br/><br/> In the 1920s expo poster art features elements of modern art and even Art Deco. Themes are whimsical and outward looking, representing Japan's growing importance and influence in the world of international commerce and art. By the 1930s this kind of poster art had grown much more bleak, less concerned with human themes and more directed towards statism and social control. Feminine imagery disappears to be replaced by wheels of industry, with distinct similarities to contemporary Nazi art in Fascist Germany.<br/><br/> From the outbreak of full scale hostilities with China through to Pearl Harbour and Japan's entry into World War II, ponderous, heavy machinery, marching soldiers, menacing guns and above all bomber aircraft combine to give the posters a crushing, inhuman, Orwellian aspect. This epitomises Japanese fascist art of the Showa Period.
'Hanatsubaki' is a monthly cultural magazine issued by Shiseido. It was first issued in 1937. Although it was temporarily discontinued out of necessity for a period of time during and after World War II, it resumed printing in June 1950, 10 years after the discontinuation.<br/><br/> A popular actress, Kyoko Kagawa of Shintoho Pictures, appeared on the first cover after printing was resumed.<br/><br/> Since 2007, the magazine alternately issued 'Miru Hanatsubaki', in which fashion, beauty, art, and culture were vividly expressed on color pages, and 'Yomu Hanatsubaki', in which various reading materials such as novels were included. However, these 2 forms were unified, and the magazine has once again been issued as 'Hanatsubaki' starting in 2012, which was Shiseido’s 140th anniversary and the magazine’s 75th anniversary.
The Armenian Genocide refers to the deliberate and systematic destruction of the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire during and just after World War I. It was implemented through wholesale massacres and deportations, with the deportations consisting of forced marches under conditions designed to lead to the death of the deportees. The total number of resulting Armenian deaths is generally held to have been between one and one and a half million. <br/><br/> Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including Assyrians and Greeks, and some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination. <br/><br/> It is widely acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides, as scholars point to the systematic, organized manner in which the killings were carried out to eliminate the Armenians, and it is the second most-studied case of genocide after the Holocaust. The word genocide was coined in order to describe these events.
Starting with the California Gold Rush in the late 19th century, the United States—particularly the West Coast states—imported large numbers of Chinese migrant laborers. Early Chinese immigrants worked as gold miners, and later on large labor projects, such as the building of the First Transcontinental Railroad.<br/><br/> Chinese migrant workers encountered considerable prejudice in the United States, especially by the people who occupied the lower layers in white society, because Chinese 'coolies' were used as a scapegoat for depressed wage levels by politicians and labor leaders.<br/><br/> In the 1870s and 1880s various legal discriminatory measures were taken against the Chinese. These laws, in particular the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, were aimed at restricting further immigration from China. The laws were later repealed by the Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943.
Starting with the California Gold Rush in the late 19th century, the United States—particularly the West Coast states—imported large numbers of Chinese migrant laborers. Early Chinese immigrants worked as gold miners, and later on large labor projects, such as the building of the First Transcontinental Railroad.<br/><br/> Chinese migrant workers encountered considerable prejudice in the United States, especially by the people who occupied the lower layers in white society, because Chinese 'coolies' were used as a scapegoat for depressed wage levels by politicians and labor leaders.<br/><br/> In the 1870s and 1880s various legal discriminatory measures were taken against the Chinese. These laws, in particular the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, were aimed at restricting further immigration from China. The laws were later repealed by the Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943.
A detailed and remarkably accurate map of Burma, Siam, Vietnam, Cambodia and Malaya dating from 1886 and showing the rectangle of independent Burma around Mandalay - which was losing its independence to Great Britain in 1885-1886 when the map was published. The Burmese Shan States are shown as under Burmese influence (shortly to be replaced by that of Great Britain), while the (Siamese) 'Shan States' of the former Lan Na Kingdom at Chiang Mai (Zimme) and the Lao Kingdom of Luang Phrabang are shown as de facto tributaries of Siam. <br/><br/> Within the Chiang Mai portion of the Shan States, Zimme (Chiang Mai) includes the territories of Lamphun (Labong), Lampang (Lagong) and Chiang Rai (K. Hai), but Fang and points north are shown as part of the Burmese Shan States. The 'Independent Tribes' region in Tonkin (Tonquin) corresponds to the former White Tai Princedom of Sipsongchuthai, absorbed by the French in 1882 and now a part of Vietnam. <br/><br/> Further south, the former Lao kingdoms of Vien Chan (Vientiane) and Bassac (Champassak) are shown as directly administered Siamese posessions, as is all western and northern Cambodia including Angkor Wat and Battambang. To the south, Siamese possessions extend far into Malaysian Kelantan and Terengganu, and as far south as Kedah. <br/><br/> The map - showing proposed and existing railways - indicated projected rail links between Bangkok and Simao in southern Yunnan via Raheng (Tak) and Jinghong (Kianghung); Between Tak (Rakheng) and Moulmein (Maulmain) linking to the existing British-built track in southern Burma; and north from Tongoo in Burma to Sadiya in Assam, linking Southeast Asia to India by rail. By 2012, more than 125 years after this map was drawn, few of these links had actually been constructed, though several - notably linking southern China with Thailand - are still being planned.
Myawaddy is one of the longest-running magazines in present-day Burma. Its pages provide an interesting reflection of the impact of military rule post-1962 down to the present day. Before the military coup of 1962 female legs were readily bared and swimsuits in vogue. Following the coup, during the 1960s, women were represented in socialist style and not as sex objects. By the 1980s women were shown in a softer and more feminine style, but with legs covered up. By 2010 modern Burmese woman, from the perspective of the military censors Myawaddy has to cope with, are soft, feminine, clad in traditional Burmese clothing with longyi that sweep to the floor.
Myawaddy is one of the longest-running magazines in present-day Burma. Its pages provide an interesting reflection of the impact of military rule post-1962 down to the present day. Before the military coup of 1962 female legs were readily bared and swimsuits in vogue. Following the coup, during the 1960s, women were represented in socialist style and not as sex objects. By the 1980s women were shown in a softer and more feminine style, but with legs covered up. By 2010 modern Burmese woman, from the perspective of the military censors Myawaddy has to cope with, are soft, feminine, clad in traditional Burmese clothing with longyi that sweep to the floor.
Myawaddy is one of the longest-running magazines in present-day Burma. Its pages provide an interesting reflection of the impact of military rule post-1962 down to the present day. Before the military coup of 1962 female legs were readily bared and swimsuits in vogue. Following the coup, during the 1960s, women were represented in socialist style and not as sex objects. By the 1980s women were shown in a softer and more feminine style, but with legs covered up. By 2010 modern Burmese woman, from the perspective of the military censors Myawaddy has to cope with, are soft, feminine, clad in traditional Burmese clothing with longyi that sweep to the floor.
Myawaddy is one of the longest-running magazines in present-day Burma. Its pages provide an interesting reflection of the impact of military rule post-1962 down to the present day. Before the military coup of 1962 female legs were readily bared and swimsuits in vogue. Following the coup, during the 1960s, women were represented in socialist style and not as sex objects. By the 1980s women were shown in a softer and more feminine style, but with legs covered up. By 2010 modern Burmese woman, from the perspective of the military censors Myawaddy has to cope with, are soft, feminine, clad in traditional Burmese clothing with longyi that sweep to the floor.
Myawaddy is one of the longest-running magazines in present-day Burma. Its pages provide an interesting reflection of the impact of military rule post-1962 down to the present day. Before the military coup of 1962 female legs were readily bared and swimsuits in vogue. Following the coup, during the 1960s, women were represented in socialist style and not as sex objects. By the 1980s women were shown in a softer and more feminine style, but with legs covered up. By 2010 modern Burmese woman, from the perspective of the military censors Myawaddy has to cope with, are soft, feminine, clad in traditional Burmese clothing with longyi that sweep to the floor.
Myawaddy is one of the longest-running magazines in present-day Burma. Its pages provide an interesting reflection of the impact of military rule post-1962 down to the present day. Before the military coup of 1962 female legs were readily bared and swimsuits in vogue. Following the coup, during the 1960s, women were represented in socialist style and not as sex objects. By the 1980s women were shown in a softer and more feminine style, but with legs covered up. By 2010 modern Burmese woman, from the perspective of the military censors Myawaddy has to cope with, are soft, feminine, clad in traditional Burmese clothing with longyi that sweep to the floor.
Between the end of the First World War in 1918 and the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941, Japanese graphic design as represented in advertsing posters, magazine covers and book covers underwent a series of changes characterised by increasing Western influence, a growing middle class, industrialisation and militarisation, as well as (initially) left wing political ideals and (subsequently) right wing nationalism and the influence of European Fascist art forms.
Between the end of the First World War in 1918 and the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941, Japanese graphic design as represented in advertsing posters, magazine covers and book covers underwent a series of changes characterised by increasing Western influence, a growing middle class, industrialisation and militarisation, as well as (initially) left wing political ideals and (subsequently) right wing nationalism and the influence of European Fascist art forms.
Between the end of the First World War in 1918 and the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941, Japanese graphic design as represented in advertsing posters, magazine covers and book covers underwent a series of changes characterised by increasing Western influence, a growing middle class, industrialisation and militarisation, as well as (initially) left wing political ideals and (subsequently) right wing nationalism and the influence of European Fascist art forms.
Between the end of the First World War in 1918 and the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941, Japanese graphic design as represented in advertsing posters, magazine covers and book covers underwent a series of changes characterised by increasing Western influence, a growing middle class, industrialisation and militarisation, as well as (initially) left wing political ideals and (subsequently) right wing nationalism and the influence of European Fascist art forms.
Between the end of the First World War in 1918 and the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941, Japanese graphic design as represented in advertsing posters, magazine covers and book covers underwent a series of changes characterised by increasing Western influence, a growing middle class, industrialisation and militarisation, as well as (initially) left wing political ideals and (subsequently) right wing nationalism and the influence of European Fascist art forms.
Between the end of the First World War in 1918 and the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941, Japanese graphic design as represented in advertsing posters, magazine covers and book covers underwent a series of changes characterised by increasing Western influence, a growing middle class, industrialisation and militarisation, as well as (initially) left wing political ideals and (subsequently) right wing nationalism and the influence of European Fascist art forms.
Between the end of the First World War in 1918 and the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941, Japanese graphic design as represented in advertsing posters, magazine covers and book covers underwent a series of changes characterised by increasing Western influence, a growing middle class, industrialisation and militarisation, as well as (initially) left wing political ideals and (subsequently) right wing nationalism and the influence of European Fascist art forms.
Between the end of the First World War in 1918 and the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941, Japanese graphic design as represented in advertsing posters, magazine covers and book covers underwent a series of changes characterised by increasing Western influence, a growing middle class, industrialisation and militarisation, as well as (initially) left wing political ideals and (subsequently) right wing nationalism and the influence of European Fascist art forms.
Between the end of the First World War in 1918 and the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941, Japanese graphic design as represented in advertsing posters, magazine covers and book covers underwent a series of changes characterised by increasing Western influence, a growing middle class, industrialisation and militarisation, as well as (initially) left wing political ideals and (subsequently) right wing nationalism and the influence of European Fascist art forms.
Between the end of the First World War in 1918 and the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941, Japanese graphic design as represented in advertsing posters, magazine covers and book covers underwent a series of changes characterised by increasing Western influence, a growing middle class, industrialisation and militarisation, as well as (initially) left wing political ideals and (subsequently) right wing nationalism and the influence of European Fascist art forms.
The British 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia was a punitive expedition carried out by armed forces of the British Empire against the Ethiopian Empire. Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia, also known as 'Theodore', imprisoned several missionaries and two representatives of the British government. The punitive expedition launched by the British in response required the transportation of a sizable military force hundreds of miles across mountainous terrain lacking any road system.<br/><br/> The force consisted of 13,000 British and Indian soldiers, 26,000 camp followers and over 40,000 animals, including elephants. It set sail from Bombay in upwards of 280 steam and sailing ships. The advance guard of engineers landed at Zula on the Red Sea, about 30 miles (48 km) south of Massawa. The decisive battle took place at the mountain fortress of Magdala on April 10-11, 1868. British casualties were 2 killed and 18 wounded, while the Ethiopians lost 700 killed and 1,400 wounded. The defeated emperor Tewodoros committed suicide rather than be captured.
In 1926, Young Companion Pictorial (Liang You, literally 'good friend') was established in Shanghai as the first colored variety magazine. During the 1920s and 30s, when printed news was rare and precious, Companion was already a pioneer in providing pictorial reports to the public. It quickly became the publication that chronicled and provoked China’s passion for decades to come.<br/><br/> Throughout the epic of war and peace, readers could see and read from Companion the faces and thoughts of influential politicians such as Sun Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen), Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek), Feng Yuxiang, Zhang Xueliang, Mao Zedong, Zhu De and Zhou Enlai. Influential thinkers and writers such as Lu Xun, Lao She, Yu Dafu and Lin Yutang all contributed their works to Companion.<br/><br/> In addition, Companion published a series of autobiographies, written exclusively for its readers by the celebrities themselves. They inspired many Chinese not only with their successful stories but also their wisdom and attitudes towards life.
Henry Robinson Luce (April 3, 1898 – February 28, 1967), an American magazine magnate, was called 'the most influential private citizen in the America of his day'. He launched and closely supervised a stable of magazines that transformed journalism and the reading habits of upscale Americans.<br/><br/><i>Time</i> summarized and interpreted the week's news; <i>Life</i> was a picture magazine of politics, culture, and society that dominated American visual perceptions in the era before television; <i>Fortune</i> explored in depth the economy and the world of business, introducing to executives avant-garde ideas such as Keynesianism; and <i>Sports Illustrated</i> which probed beneath the surface of the game to explore the motivations and strategies of the teams and key players.<br/><br/> Add in his radio projects and newsreels, and Luce created the first multimedia corporation. Luce was born in China to missionary parents. Luce envisaged that the United States would achieve world hegemony, and, in 1941, he declared the 20th century would be the 'American Century'.
The Armenian Genocide refers to the deliberate and systematic destruction of the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire during and just after World War I. It was implemented through wholesale massacres and deportations, with the deportations consisting of forced marches under conditions designed to lead to the death of the deportees. The total number of resulting Armenian deaths is generally held to have been between one and one and a half million.<br/><br/> Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including Assyrians and Greeks, and some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination.<br/><br/> It is widely acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides, as scholars point to the systematic, organized manner in which the killings were carried out to eliminate the Armenians, and it is the second most-studied case of genocide after the Holocaust. The word genocide was coined in order to describe these events.
The Korean War (25 June 1950 - armistice signed 27 July 1953) was a military conflict between the Republic of Korea, supported by the United Nations, and North Korea, supported by the People's Republic of China (PRC), with military material aid from the Soviet Union. The war was a result of the physical division of Korea by an agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of World War II.<br/><br/>The Korean peninsula was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the end of World War II. Following the surrender of Japan in 1945, American administrators divided the peninsula along the 38th Parallel, with United States troops occupying the southern part and Soviet troops occupying the northern part. The failure to hold free elections throughout the Korean Peninsula in 1948 deepened the division between the two sides, and the North established a Communist government. The situation escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950. It was the first significant armed conflict of the Cold War.<br/><br/>The United Nations, particularly the United States, came to the aid of South Korea in repelling the invasion. A rapid UN counter-offensive drove the North Koreans past the 38th Parallel and almost to the Yalu River, and the People's Republic of China (PRC) entered the war on the side of the North. The Chinese launched a counter-offensive that pushed the United Nations forces back across the 38th Parallel.<br/><br/>The Soviet Union materially aided the North Korean and Chinese armies. In 1953, the war ceased with an armistice that restored the border between the Koreas near the 38th Parallel and created the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), a 2.5-mile (4.0 km) wide buffer zone between the two Koreas. Minor outbreaks of fighting continue to the present day.
<i>Magnolia denudata</i>, known as the Yulan magnolia (simplified Chinese: 玉兰花; traditional Chinese: 玉蘭花; pinyin: yùlánhuā; literally: 'jade orchid/lily'), is native to central and eastern China.<br/><br/> It has been cultivated in Chinese Buddhist temple gardens since 600 CE. Its flowers were regarded as a symbol of purity in the Tang Dynasty and it was planted in the grounds of the Emperor's palace. It is the official city flower of Shanghai.<br/><br/><i>Magnolia denudata</i> is a rather low, rounded, thickly branched, and coarse-textured tree to 30 feet (9.1 m) tall. The leaves are ovate, bright green, 15 cm long and 8 cm wide. Bark is a coarse dark gray. The 10–16 cm white flowers that emerge from early to late spring, while beautiful and thick with a citrus-lemon fragrance, are prone to browning if subjected to frost.
In 1926, Young Companion Pictorial (Liang You, literally 'good friend') was established in Shanghai as the first colored variety magazine. During the 1920s and 30s, when printed news was rare and precious, Companion was already a pioneer in providing pictorial reports to the public. It quickly became the publication that chronicled and provoked China’s passion for decades to come.<br/><br/> Throughout the epic of war and peace, readers could see and read from Companion the faces and thoughts of influential politicians such as Sun Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen), Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek), Feng Yuxiang, Zhang Xueliang, Mao Zedong, Zhu De and Zhou Enlai. Influential thinkers and writers such as Lu Xun, Lao She, Yu Dafu and Lin Yutang all contributed their works to Companion.<br/><br/> In addition, Companion published a series of autobiographies, written exclusively for its readers by the celebrities themselves. They inspired many Chinese not only with their successful stories but also their wisdom and attitudes towards life.
Monarda is a genus of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. The genus is endemic to North America.<br/><br/> Common names include bee balm, horsemint, oswego tea, and bergamot, the latter inspired by the fragrance of the leaves, which is reminiscent of bergamot orange (Citrus bergamia). The genus was named for the Spanish botanist Nicolás Monardes, who wrote a book in 1574 describing plants of the New World.
Angkor Wat was built in the early 12th century for King Suryavarman II (ruled 1113-50). Angkor Wat was built in the early 12th century for King Suryavarman II (ruled 1113-50)
In 1926, Young Companion Pictorial (Liang You, literally 'good friend') was established in Shanghai as the first colored variety magazine. During the 1920s and 30s, when printed news was rare and precious, Companion was already a pioneer in providing pictorial reports to the public. It quickly became the publication that chronicled and provoked China’s passion for decades to come.<br/><br/> Throughout the epic of war and peace, readers could see and read from Companion the faces and thoughts of influential politicians such as Sun Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen), Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek), Feng Yuxiang, Zhang Xueliang, Mao Zedong, Zhu De and Zhou Enlai. Influential thinkers and writers such as Lu Xun, Lao She, Yu Dafu and Lin Yutang all contributed their works to Companion.<br/><br/> In addition, Companion published a series of autobiographies, written exclusively for its readers by the celebrities themselves. They inspired many Chinese not only with their successful stories but also their wisdom and attitudes towards life.
Abdul Hamid II (Ottoman Turkish: عبد الحميد ثانی, `Abdü’l-Ḥamīd-i sânî; Turkish: İkinci Abdülhamit; 22 September 1842 – 10 February 1918) was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the last Sultan to exert effective autocratic control over the fracturing state. He oversaw a period of decline in the power and extent of the Empire, including widespread pogroms and government massacres against the minorities of the Empire (named the Hamidian massacres after him) as well as an assassination attempt, ruling from 31 August 1876 until he was deposed shortly after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, on 27 April 1909. He was succeeded by his brother Mehmed V.<br/><br/> Despite his conservatism and belief in absolute monarchy, Abdul Hamid was responsible for some modest modernization of the Ottoman Empire during his long reign, including reform of the bureaucracy, the ambitious Hijaz Railway project, the establishment of a system for population registration and control over the press, and the founding of the first modern law school in 1898.<br/><br/> Often known as the Red Sultan or Abdul the Damned due to the atrocities committed against the Empire's minorities under his rule and use of a secret police to silence dissent, Abdul Hamid became more reclusive toward the end of his reign, his worsening paranoia about perceived threats to his personal power and his life leading him to shun public appearances.
In 1926, Young Companion Pictorial (Liang You, literally 'good friend') was established in Shanghai as the first colored variety magazine. During the 1920s and 30s, when printed news was rare and precious, Companion was already a pioneer in providing pictorial reports to the public. It quickly became the publication that chronicled and provoked China’s passion for decades to come.<br/><br/> Throughout the epic of war and peace, readers could see and read from Companion the faces and thoughts of influential politicians such as Sun Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen), Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek), Feng Yuxiang, Zhang Xueliang, Mao Zedong, Zhu De and Zhou Enlai. Influential thinkers and writers such as Lu Xun, Lao She, Yu Dafu and Lin Yutang all contributed their works to Companion.<br/><br/> In addition, Companion published a series of autobiographies, written exclusively for its readers by the celebrities themselves. They inspired many Chinese not only with their successful stories but also their wisdom and attitudes towards life.
Bai Chongxi (18 March 1893 – 1 December 1966; simplified Chinese: 白崇禧; traditional Chinese: 白崇禧; pinyin: Bái Chóngxǐ; Wade–Giles: Pai Ch'ung-hsi), also spelled Pai Chung-hsi, was a Chinese general in the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China (ROC) and a prominent Chinese Nationalist Muslim leader.<br/><br/> He was of Hui ethnicity and of the Muslim faith. From the mid-1920s to 1949, Bai and his close ally Li Zongren ruled Guangxi province as regional warlords with their own troops and considerable political autonomy. His relationship with Chiang Kai-shek was at various times rivalrous and cooperative. He and Li Zongren supported the anti-Chiang warlord alliance in the Central Plains War in 1930, and then supported Chiang in the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. He was the Minister of National Defense of the Republic of China from 1946 to 1948. After losing to the Communists in 1949, Bai fled to Taiwan, where he died in 1966.
During late 1920s and 1930s Japan, a new poster style developed that reflected the growing influence of the masses in Japanese society. These art posters were strongly influenced by the emerging political forces of Communism and Fascism in Europe and the Soviet Union, adopting a style that incorporated bold slogans with artistic themes ranging from Leftist socialist realism through Stateism and state-directed public welfare, to Militarism and Imperialist expansionism.<br/><br/> Though diverse in their messages, all bear the stamp of the ovebearing proletarian art of the time, reflecting shades of Nazi Germany, Socialist Russia and Fascist Italy in the Far East.
During late 1920s and 1930s Japan, a new poster style developed that reflected the growing influence of the masses in Japanese society. These art posters were strongly influenced by the emerging political forces of Communism and Fascism in Europe and the Soviet Union, adopting a style that incorporated bold slogans with artistic themes ranging from Leftist socialist realism through Stateism and state-directed public welfare, to Militarism and Imperialist expansionism.<br/><br/> Though diverse in their messages, all bear the stamp of the ovebearing proletarian art of the time, reflecting shades of Nazi Germany, Socialist Russia and Fascist Italy in the Far East.