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Prayer icons representing St Christopher, the dog-headed (<i>Christopher Kynokephalos</i> in Greek, <i>Pesnoglavets</i> in Russian) were forbidden by the Holy Synod in 1722, but this seems only to have increased their popularity among the 'Old Believers'.<br/><br/> The Byzantine depiction of St. Christopher as dog-headed may have resulted from the misinterpretation of the Latin term <i>Cananeus</i> (Canaanite) to read <i>canineus</i> (canine).
Prayer icons representing St Christopher, the dog-headed (<i>Christopher Kynokephalos</i> in Greek, <i>Pesnoglavets</i> in Russian) were forbidden by the Holy Synod in 1722, but this seems only to have increased their popularity among the 'Old Believers'.<br/><br/> The Byzantine depiction of St. Christopher as dog-headed may have resulted from the misinterpretation of the Latin term <i>Cananeus</i> (Canaanite) to read <i>canineus</i> (canine).
Thomas Cranmer (2 July 1489 – 21 March 1556) was a leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I. He helped build the case for the annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which was one of the causes of the separation of the English Church from union with the Holy See.<br/><br/> Along with Thomas Cromwell, he supported the principle of Royal Supremacy, in which the king was considered sovereign over the Church within his realm.<br/><br/> After the accession of the Roman Catholic Mary I, Cranmer was put on trial for treason and heresy. Imprisoned for over two years and under pressure from Church authorities, he made several recantations and apparently reconciled himself with the Roman Catholic Church. However, on the day of his execution, he withdrew his recantations, to die a heretic to Roman Catholics and a martyr for the principles of the English Reformation.
Gandhi Smriti formerly known as Birla House or Birla Bhavan, is the location where Mahatma Gandhi spent the last 144 days of his life and was assassinated on January 30, 1948. It was originally the house of the Indian business tycoons, the Birla family.<br/><br/> Delhi is said to be the site of Indraprashta, capital of the Pandavas of the Indian epic Mahabharata. Excavations have unearthed shards of painted pottery dating from around 1000 BCE, though the earliest known architectural relics date from the Mauryan Period, about 2,300 years ago. Since that time the site has been continuously settled.<br/><br/> The city was ruled by the Hindu Rajputs between about 900 and 1206 CE, when it became the capital of the Delhi Sultanate. In the mid-seventeenth century the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan (1628–1658) established Old Delhi in its present location, including most notably the Red Fort or Lal Qila. The Old City served as the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1638 onwards.<br/><br/> Delhi passed under British control in 1857 and became the capital of British India in 1911. In large scale rebuilding, parts of the Old City were demolished to provide room for a grand new city designed by Edward Lutyens. New Delhi became the capital of independent India in 1947.
St. Joseph Lê Thi Đăng (1825 - 1860) was a Vietnamese Christian martyr and saint of the Catholic Church.<br/><br/>He was a soldier like his father, but in 1859 Emperor Tu Duc issued an edict stripping all mandarins and government functionaries, including army officers, of their rank. The following year Lê Thi Đăng was executed for his beliefs.
The National Revolutionary Martyrs' Shrine (Zhong Lie Ci) in Taipei is dedicated to the Republic of China's war dead. The shrine was built in 1969.<br/><br/> Taipei was founded in the early 18th century and became an important center for overseas trade in the 19th century. The Qing Dynasty of China made Taipei the provincial capital of Taiwan in 1886.<br/><br/> Japan acquired Taiwan in 1895 after the First Sino-Japanese War. Taiwan became a colony of Imperial Japan with Taipei as its capital. Taiwan's Japanese rulers embarked on an extensive program of advanced urban planning that featured extensive railroad links.<br/><br/> The Republic of China took over the island in 1945 following Japanese surrender. After losing Mainland China to the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War, the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) relocated the ROC government to Taiwan and declared Taipei the provisional capital of the Republic of China in December 1949.
The National Revolutionary Martyrs' Shrine (Zhong Lie Ci) in Taipei is dedicated to the Republic of China's war dead. The shrine was built in 1969.<br/><br/> Taipei was founded in the early 18th century and became an important center for overseas trade in the 19th century. The Qing Dynasty of China made Taipei the provincial capital of Taiwan in 1886.<br/><br/> Japan acquired Taiwan in 1895 after the First Sino-Japanese War. Taiwan became a colony of Imperial Japan with Taipei as its capital. Taiwan's Japanese rulers embarked on an extensive program of advanced urban planning that featured extensive railroad links.<br/><br/> The Republic of China took over the island in 1945 following Japanese surrender. After losing Mainland China to the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War, the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) relocated the ROC government to Taiwan and declared Taipei the provisional capital of the Republic of China in December 1949.
The National Revolutionary Martyrs' Shrine (Zhong Lie Ci) in Taipei is dedicated to the Republic of China's war dead. The shrine was built in 1969.<br/><br/> Taipei was founded in the early 18th century and became an important center for overseas trade in the 19th century. The Qing Dynasty of China made Taipei the provincial capital of Taiwan in 1886.<br/><br/> Japan acquired Taiwan in 1895 after the First Sino-Japanese War. Taiwan became a colony of Imperial Japan with Taipei as its capital. Taiwan's Japanese rulers embarked on an extensive program of advanced urban planning that featured extensive railroad links.<br/><br/> The Republic of China took over the island in 1945 following Japanese surrender. After losing Mainland China to the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War, the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) relocated the ROC government to Taiwan and declared Taipei the provisional capital of the Republic of China in December 1949.
The National Revolutionary Martyrs' Shrine (Zhong Lie Ci) in Taipei is dedicated to the Republic of China's war dead. The shrine was built in 1969.<br/><br/> Taipei was founded in the early 18th century and became an important center for overseas trade in the 19th century. The Qing Dynasty of China made Taipei the provincial capital of Taiwan in 1886.<br/><br/> Japan acquired Taiwan in 1895 after the First Sino-Japanese War. Taiwan became a colony of Imperial Japan with Taipei as its capital. Taiwan's Japanese rulers embarked on an extensive program of advanced urban planning that featured extensive railroad links.<br/><br/> The Republic of China took over the island in 1945 following Japanese surrender. After losing Mainland China to the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War, the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) relocated the ROC government to Taiwan and declared Taipei the provisional capital of the Republic of China in December 1949.
The National Revolutionary Martyrs' Shrine (Zhong Lie Ci) in Taipei is dedicated to the Republic of China's war dead. The shrine was built in 1969.<br/><br/> Taipei was founded in the early 18th century and became an important center for overseas trade in the 19th century. The Qing Dynasty of China made Taipei the provincial capital of Taiwan in 1886.<br/><br/> Japan acquired Taiwan in 1895 after the First Sino-Japanese War. Taiwan became a colony of Imperial Japan with Taipei as its capital. Taiwan's Japanese rulers embarked on an extensive program of advanced urban planning that featured extensive railroad links.<br/><br/> The Republic of China took over the island in 1945 following Japanese surrender. After losing Mainland China to the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War, the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) relocated the ROC government to Taiwan and declared Taipei the provisional capital of the Republic of China in December 1949.
The National Revolutionary Martyrs' Shrine (Zhong Lie Ci) in Taipei is dedicated to the Republic of China's war dead. The shrine was built in 1969.<br/><br/> Taipei was founded in the early 18th century and became an important center for overseas trade in the 19th century. The Qing Dynasty of China made Taipei the provincial capital of Taiwan in 1886.<br/><br/> Japan acquired Taiwan in 1895 after the First Sino-Japanese War. Taiwan became a colony of Imperial Japan with Taipei as its capital. Taiwan's Japanese rulers embarked on an extensive program of advanced urban planning that featured extensive railroad links.<br/><br/> The Republic of China took over the island in 1945 following Japanese surrender. After losing Mainland China to the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War, the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) relocated the ROC government to Taiwan and declared Taipei the provisional capital of the Republic of China in December 1949.
The National Revolutionary Martyrs' Shrine (Zhong Lie Ci) in Taipei is dedicated to the Republic of China's war dead. The shrine was built in 1969.<br/><br/> Taipei was founded in the early 18th century and became an important center for overseas trade in the 19th century. The Qing Dynasty of China made Taipei the provincial capital of Taiwan in 1886.<br/><br/> Japan acquired Taiwan in 1895 after the First Sino-Japanese War. Taiwan became a colony of Imperial Japan with Taipei as its capital. Taiwan's Japanese rulers embarked on an extensive program of advanced urban planning that featured extensive railroad links.<br/><br/> The Republic of China took over the island in 1945 following Japanese surrender. After losing Mainland China to the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War, the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) relocated the ROC government to Taiwan and declared Taipei the provisional capital of the Republic of China in December 1949.
The National Revolutionary Martyrs' Shrine (Zhong Lie Ci) in Taipei is dedicated to the Republic of China's war dead. The shrine was built in 1969.<br/><br/> Taipei was founded in the early 18th century and became an important center for overseas trade in the 19th century. The Qing Dynasty of China made Taipei the provincial capital of Taiwan in 1886.<br/><br/> Japan acquired Taiwan in 1895 after the First Sino-Japanese War. Taiwan became a colony of Imperial Japan with Taipei as its capital. Taiwan's Japanese rulers embarked on an extensive program of advanced urban planning that featured extensive railroad links.<br/><br/> The Republic of China took over the island in 1945 following Japanese surrender. After losing Mainland China to the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War, the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) relocated the ROC government to Taiwan and declared Taipei the provisional capital of the Republic of China in December 1949.
The National Revolutionary Martyrs' Shrine (Zhong Lie Ci) in Taipei is dedicated to the Republic of China's war dead. The shrine was built in 1969.<br/><br/> Taipei was founded in the early 18th century and became an important center for overseas trade in the 19th century. The Qing Dynasty of China made Taipei the provincial capital of Taiwan in 1886.<br/><br/> Japan acquired Taiwan in 1895 after the First Sino-Japanese War. Taiwan became a colony of Imperial Japan with Taipei as its capital. Taiwan's Japanese rulers embarked on an extensive program of advanced urban planning that featured extensive railroad links.<br/><br/> The Republic of China took over the island in 1945 following Japanese surrender. After losing Mainland China to the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War, the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) relocated the ROC government to Taiwan and declared Taipei the provisional capital of the Republic of China in December 1949.
The National Revolutionary Martyrs' Shrine (Zhong Lie Ci) in Taipei is dedicated to the Republic of China's war dead. The shrine was built in 1969.<br/><br/> Taipei was founded in the early 18th century and became an important center for overseas trade in the 19th century. The Qing Dynasty of China made Taipei the provincial capital of Taiwan in 1886.<br/><br/> Japan acquired Taiwan in 1895 after the First Sino-Japanese War. Taiwan became a colony of Imperial Japan with Taipei as its capital. Taiwan's Japanese rulers embarked on an extensive program of advanced urban planning that featured extensive railroad links.<br/><br/> The Republic of China took over the island in 1945 following Japanese surrender. After losing Mainland China to the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War, the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) relocated the ROC government to Taiwan and declared Taipei the provisional capital of the Republic of China in December 1949.
The National Revolutionary Martyrs' Shrine (Zhong Lie Ci) in Taipei is dedicated to the Republic of China's war dead. The shrine was built in 1969.<br/><br/> Taipei was founded in the early 18th century and became an important center for overseas trade in the 19th century. The Qing Dynasty of China made Taipei the provincial capital of Taiwan in 1886.<br/><br/> Japan acquired Taiwan in 1895 after the First Sino-Japanese War. Taiwan became a colony of Imperial Japan with Taipei as its capital. Taiwan's Japanese rulers embarked on an extensive program of advanced urban planning that featured extensive railroad links.<br/><br/> The Republic of China took over the island in 1945 following Japanese surrender. After losing Mainland China to the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War, the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) relocated the ROC government to Taiwan and declared Taipei the provisional capital of the Republic of China in December 1949.
The National Revolutionary Martyrs' Shrine (Zhong Lie Ci) in Taipei is dedicated to the Republic of China's war dead. The shrine was built in 1969.<br/><br/> Taipei was founded in the early 18th century and became an important center for overseas trade in the 19th century. The Qing Dynasty of China made Taipei the provincial capital of Taiwan in 1886.<br/><br/> Japan acquired Taiwan in 1895 after the First Sino-Japanese War. Taiwan became a colony of Imperial Japan with Taipei as its capital. Taiwan's Japanese rulers embarked on an extensive program of advanced urban planning that featured extensive railroad links.<br/><br/> The Republic of China took over the island in 1945 following Japanese surrender. After losing Mainland China to the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War, the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) relocated the ROC government to Taiwan and declared Taipei the provisional capital of the Republic of China in December 1949.
The National Revolutionary Martyrs' Shrine (Zhong Lie Ci) in Taipei is dedicated to the Republic of China's war dead. The shrine was built in 1969.<br/><br/> Taipei was founded in the early 18th century and became an important center for overseas trade in the 19th century. The Qing Dynasty of China made Taipei the provincial capital of Taiwan in 1886.<br/><br/> Japan acquired Taiwan in 1895 after the First Sino-Japanese War. Taiwan became a colony of Imperial Japan with Taipei as its capital. Taiwan's Japanese rulers embarked on an extensive program of advanced urban planning that featured extensive railroad links.<br/><br/> The Republic of China took over the island in 1945 following Japanese surrender. After losing Mainland China to the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War, the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) relocated the ROC government to Taiwan and declared Taipei the provisional capital of the Republic of China in December 1949.
The National Revolutionary Martyrs' Shrine (Zhong Lie Ci) in Taipei is dedicated to the Republic of China's war dead. The shrine was built in 1969.<br/><br/> Taipei was founded in the early 18th century and became an important center for overseas trade in the 19th century. The Qing Dynasty of China made Taipei the provincial capital of Taiwan in 1886.<br/><br/> Japan acquired Taiwan in 1895 after the First Sino-Japanese War. Taiwan became a colony of Imperial Japan with Taipei as its capital. Taiwan's Japanese rulers embarked on an extensive program of advanced urban planning that featured extensive railroad links.<br/><br/> The Republic of China took over the island in 1945 following Japanese surrender. After losing Mainland China to the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War, the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) relocated the ROC government to Taiwan and declared Taipei the provisional capital of the Republic of China in December 1949.
The National Revolutionary Martyrs' Shrine (Zhong Lie Ci) in Taipei is dedicated to the Republic of China's war dead. The shrine was built in 1969.<br/><br/> Taipei was founded in the early 18th century and became an important center for overseas trade in the 19th century. The Qing Dynasty of China made Taipei the provincial capital of Taiwan in 1886.<br/><br/> Japan acquired Taiwan in 1895 after the First Sino-Japanese War. Taiwan became a colony of Imperial Japan with Taipei as its capital. Taiwan's Japanese rulers embarked on an extensive program of advanced urban planning that featured extensive railroad links.<br/><br/> The Republic of China took over the island in 1945 following Japanese surrender. After losing Mainland China to the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War, the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) relocated the ROC government to Taiwan and declared Taipei the provisional capital of the Republic of China in December 1949.
The National Revolutionary Martyrs' Shrine (Zhong Lie Ci) in Taipei is dedicated to the Republic of China's war dead. The shrine was built in 1969.<br/><br/> Taipei was founded in the early 18th century and became an important center for overseas trade in the 19th century. The Qing Dynasty of China made Taipei the provincial capital of Taiwan in 1886.<br/><br/> Japan acquired Taiwan in 1895 after the First Sino-Japanese War. Taiwan became a colony of Imperial Japan with Taipei as its capital. Taiwan's Japanese rulers embarked on an extensive program of advanced urban planning that featured extensive railroad links.<br/><br/> The Republic of China took over the island in 1945 following Japanese surrender. After losing Mainland China to the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War, the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) relocated the ROC government to Taiwan and declared Taipei the provisional capital of the Republic of China in December 1949.
The present Martyrs' Shrine is built on the site of the Takao Kotohira Shrine built in 1910 during the Japanese rule of Taiwan. The original shrine was dedicated to Omononushi-no-Mikoto and Emperor Sutoku.<br/><br/> In 1946 after the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China, the shrine was slightly renovated to make it a martyrs' shrine. In 1972, Japan switched diplomatic relations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China, triggering an outcry and the demolition of the shrine.<br/><br/> In 1973, Kaohsiung Mayor Wang Yu-yuin initiated the rebuilding of the shrine and it was completed in 1978 with the name Kaohsiung Martyrs' Shrine.
The present Martyrs' Shrine is built on the site of the Takao Kotohira Shrine built in 1910 during the Japanese rule of Taiwan. The original shrine was dedicated to Omononushi-no-Mikoto and Emperor Sutoku.<br/><br/> In 1946 after the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China, the shrine was slightly renovated to make it a martyrs' shrine. In 1972, Japan switched diplomatic relations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China, triggering an outcry and the demolition of the shrine.<br/><br/> In 1973, Kaohsiung Mayor Wang Yu-yuin initiated the rebuilding of the shrine and it was completed in 1978 with the name Kaohsiung Martyrs' Shrine.
The present Martyrs' Shrine is built on the site of the Takao Kotohira Shrine built in 1910 during the Japanese rule of Taiwan. The original shrine was dedicated to Omononushi-no-Mikoto and Emperor Sutoku.<br/><br/> In 1946 after the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China, the shrine was slightly renovated to make it a martyrs' shrine. In 1972, Japan switched diplomatic relations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China, triggering an outcry and the demolition of the shrine.<br/><br/> In 1973, Kaohsiung Mayor Wang Yu-yuin initiated the rebuilding of the shrine and it was completed in 1978 with the name Kaohsiung Martyrs' Shrine.
The present Martyrs' Shrine is built on the site of the Takao Kotohira Shrine built in 1910 during the Japanese rule of Taiwan. The original shrine was dedicated to Omononushi-no-Mikoto and Emperor Sutoku.<br/><br/> In 1946 after the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China, the shrine was slightly renovated to make it a martyrs' shrine. In 1972, Japan switched diplomatic relations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China, triggering an outcry and the demolition of the shrine.<br/><br/> In 1973, Kaohsiung Mayor Wang Yu-yuin initiated the rebuilding of the shrine and it was completed in 1978 with the name Kaohsiung Martyrs' Shrine.
The present Martyrs' Shrine is built on the site of the Takao Kotohira Shrine built in 1910 during the Japanese rule of Taiwan. The original shrine was dedicated to Omononushi-no-Mikoto and Emperor Sutoku.<br/><br/> In 1946 after the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China, the shrine was slightly renovated to make it a martyrs' shrine. In 1972, Japan switched diplomatic relations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China, triggering an outcry and the demolition of the shrine.<br/><br/> In 1973, Kaohsiung Mayor Wang Yu-yuin initiated the rebuilding of the shrine and it was completed in 1978 with the name Kaohsiung Martyrs' Shrine.
The present Martyrs' Shrine is built on the site of the Takao Kotohira Shrine built in 1910 during the Japanese rule of Taiwan. The original shrine was dedicated to Omononushi-no-Mikoto and Emperor Sutoku.<br/><br/> In 1946 after the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China, the shrine was slightly renovated to make it a martyrs' shrine. In 1972, Japan switched diplomatic relations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China, triggering an outcry and the demolition of the shrine.<br/><br/> In 1973, Kaohsiung Mayor Wang Yu-yuin initiated the rebuilding of the shrine and it was completed in 1978 with the name Kaohsiung Martyrs' Shrine.
Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki (Greek: Άγιος Δημήτριος της Θεσσαλονίκης) was a Christian martyr, who lived in the early 4th century.<br/><br/> During the Middle Ages, he came to be revered as one of the most important Orthodox military saints, often paired with Saint George. His feast day is 26 October for Christians following the Gregorian calendar and 8 November for Christians following the Julian calendar. Some scholars believe that for four centuries after his death, St. Demetrius had no physical relics, and in their place an unusual empty shrine called the 'ciborium' was built inside Hagios Demetrios. What is currently purported as his remains subsequently appeared in Thessaloniki, but the local archbishop (John of Thessaloniki, 7th century) was publicly dismissive of their authenticity. These are now also kept in Hagios Demetrios. According to believers, these relics were ascertained to be genuine after they started emitting a liquid and strong scented myrrh. This gave the saint the epithet 'Myrovlētēs' (Greek: Μυροβλήτης, the Myrrh-streamer).
Saint Joan of Arc, nicknamed 'The Maid of Orléans' (French: Jeanne d'Arc, ca. 1412 – 30 May 1431), is considered a national heroine of France and a Catholic saint. A peasant girl born in eastern France who claimed divine guidance, she led the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years' War, which paved the way for the coronation of Charles VII.<br/><br/> She was captured by the Burgundians, sold to the English, tried by an ecclesiastical court, and burned at the stake when she was 19 years old. Twenty-five years after the execution, Pope Callixtus III examined the trial, pronounced her innocent and declared her a martyr. Joan of Arc was beatified in 1909 and canonized in 1920. She is – along with St. Denis, St. Martin of Tours, St. Louis IX, and St. Theresa of Lisieux – one of the patron saints of France.<br/><br/> Joan asserted that she had visions from God that instructed her to recover her homeland from English domination late in the Hundred Years' War. The uncrowned King Charles VII sent her to the siege of Orléans as part of a relief mission. She gained prominence when she overcame the dismissive attitude of veteran commanders and lifted the siege in only nine days. Several more swift victories led to Charles VII's coronation at Reims and settled the disputed succession to the throne.<br/><br/> Joan of Arc has remained a significant figure in Western culture down to the present day.<br/><br/> Arthur Szyk (American, b. Poland, 1894–1951) is remembered today as an artist and illustrator whose work ranged from illustrations for traditional Jewish and Polish folktales and religious texts to watercolor designs for political cartoons that were regularly featured on the cover of Collier’s magazine throughout the 1930s and 1940s.
The Vatican estimates the number of Vietnamese 'martyrs' at between 130,000 and 300,000. The Vietnamese Martyrs fall into several groupings, those of the Dominican and Jesuit missionary era of the 17th century, those killed in the politically inspired persecutions of the 19th century, and those martyred during the Communist purges of the 20th century.
The Sri Lankan Civil War was a conflict fought on the island of Sri Lanka. Beginning on 23 June, 1983, there was an on-and-off insurgency against the government by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (the LTTE, also known as the Tamil Tigers and other few rebel groups), a separatist militant organization which fought to create an independent Tamil state named Tamil Eelam in the north and the east of the island. After a 26 year long military campaign, the Sri Lankan military defeated the Tamil Tigers in May 2009.
Yuan Chonghuan (6 June 1584 – 22 September 1630) was a famed patriot and military commander of the Ming Dynasty who battled the Manchus in Liaoning. He was known to have excelled in artillery warfare and successfully incorporated Western tactics into the East. Yuan's military career reached its height when he defeated Nurhaci and the Manchurian army in the first Battle of Ningyuan. Nurhaci's son and successor, Huang Taiji, was defeated by him in the second Battle of Ningyuan. However, Yuan was a tragic figure, and was executed by his emperor under false charges which Huang Taiji deliberately planted against him.
The Nuremberg Chronicle is an illustrated world history. Its structure follows the story of human history as related in the Bible; it includes the histories of a number of important Western cities. Written in Latin by Hartmann Schedel, with a version in German translation by Georg Alt, it appeared in 1493. It is one of the best-documented early printed books. It is classified as an incunabulum – that is, a book, pamphlet, or broadside that was printed (not handwritten) before the year 1501 in Europe. It is also one of the first to successfully integrate illustrations and text.<br/><br/> Latin scholars refer to it as Liber Chronicarum (Book of Chronicles) as this phrase appears in the index introduction of the Latin edition. English speakers have long referred to it as the Nuremberg Chronicle after the city in which it was published. German speakers refer to it as Die Schedelsche Weltchronik (Schedel's World History) in honour of its author. The illustrations in many copies were hand-coloured after printing.
The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), commonly known as the Tamil Tigers, is a separatist organization formerly based in northern Sri Lanka. Founded in May 1976 by Velupillai Prabhakaran, it waged a violent secessionist campaign that sought to create Tamil Eelam, an independent state in the north and east of Sri Lanka. This campaign evolved into the Sri Lankan Civil War, which was one of the longest running armed conflicts in Asia until the LTTE was defeated by the Sri Lankan Armed Forces in May 2009.
St. Vincent was born in Huesca but lived in Zaragoza, northern Spain. Imprisoned in Valencia for his faith, and tortured on a gridiron, Vincent converted his jailer to Christianity before being martyred under the Emperor Diocletian in c. 304. It is said that ravens protected his body as it was shipped to what is now Cape St. Vincent, the southwesternmost point of the Algarve in Portugal. He is today the patron saint of Lisbon, and of vintners and vinegar-makers. His feast day is 22 January in the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches, and 11 November in the Eastern Orthodox churches.
Cemetries for fallen communist 'martyrs' (liệt sĩ) are to be found across Vietnam, both in the former north and south. Soldiers of the former Armed Forces of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) or ARVN, received no such posthumous honours.
The Chapekar brothers, Damodar Hari Chapekar (1870-1897), Balkrishna Hari Chapekar (1873-1899) and Vasudeo Hari Chapekar (1879-1899) - were Indian revolutionaries involved in the assassination of W. C. Rand, the British plague commissioner of Pune.<br/><br/> On 22 June 1897, the Diamond Jubilee of the coronation of Queen Victoria, Rand and his military escort Lt. Ayerst were shot while returning from the celebrations at Government House. Both died, Ayerst on the spot and Rand of his wounds on 3 July.<br/><br/> The Chapekar brothers and two accomplices were charged with the murders in various roles, as well as the shooting of two informants and an attempt to shoot a police officer. All three brothers were found guilty and hanged.
Pierre Dumoulin-Borie (February 20, 1808 – November 24, 1838) was a French Catholic missionary priest and a member of the Paris Foreign Missions Society. He is a Catholic saint, canonized in 1988 along with other Vietnamese Martyrs.
Saint Joan of Arc, nicknamed 'The Maid of Orléans' (French: Jeanne d'Arc, ca. 1412 – 30 May 1431), is considered a national heroine of France and a Catholic saint. A peasant girl born in eastern France who claimed divine guidance, she led the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years' War, which paved the way for the coronation of Charles VII.<br/><br/> She was captured by the Burgundians, sold to the English, tried by an ecclesiastical court, and burned at the stake when she was 19 years old. Twenty-five years after the execution, Pope Callixtus III examined the trial, pronounced her innocent and declared her a martyr. Joan of Arc was beatified in 1909 and canonized in 1920. She is – along with St. Denis, St. Martin of Tours, St. Louis IX, and St. Theresa of Lisieux – one of the patron saints of France.<br/><br/> Joan asserted that she had visions from God that instructed her to recover her homeland from English domination late in the Hundred Years' War. The uncrowned King Charles VII sent her to the siege of Orléans as part of a relief mission. She gained prominence when she overcame the dismissive attitude of veteran commanders and lifted the siege in only nine days. Several more swift victories led to Charles VII's coronation at Reims and settled the disputed succession to the throne.<br/><br/> Joan of Arc has remained a significant figure in Western culture down to the present day.