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Pupienus (165/170-238), also known as Pupienus Maximus, was a senator in the Roman Senate who had risen to power and influence through military success under the rule of the Severan dynasty. He served two terms as Consul, and became an important member of the Senate.<br/><br/> When Gordian I and his son were proclaimed Emperors in 238, the Senate immediately recognised them in defiance of Emperor Maximinus Thrax. Pupienus, an elderly man by then, was put on a committee to coordinate efforts to thwart Maximinus until the Gordians could arrive in Rome. The Gordians died less than a month after their declaration however, and the Senate became divided in how to act, ultimately voting for Pupienus and Balbinus, another elderly senator, to be installed as co-emperors.<br/><br/> Some senators, and the people of Rome, had wanted Gordian III, grandson of Gordian I, to be declared emperor however, and civil unrest gripped the capital. It was not helped that Pupienus and Balbinus argued and quarrelled often, Balbinus constantly worrying that Pupienus was planning to supplant him. Only a few months into their rule, they were dragged naked through the streets by the Praetorian Guard, publicly humiliated, tortured and then executed.
Magnus Maximus (335-388) was born in Gallaecia, and would later become a distinguished general serving under Count Theodosius, father of Emperor Theodosius I, fighting in Africa and on the Danube, as well as during the Great Conspiracy in Britain, where he would later be permanently assigned in 380.<br/><br/> When the people became displeased with the western emperor Gratian, his troops proclaimed Maximus emperor, and aided him in his imperial ambitions. Gratian was slain in Lyon, and Maximus later marched into Italy to overthrow Valentinian II. He was only stopped by the intervention of the Eastern Roman Emperor, Theodosius I, who negotiated with him and saw Maximus recognised as co-emperor in the west.<br/><br/> Maximus' ambitions could not be quelled however, and he invaded Italy once more in 387, only to be finally defeated and killed by Theodosius I at the Battle of the Save in 388. To some historians, Maximus' death marked the end of direct imperial presence in Northern Gaul and Britain.
Born Publius Aelius Hadrianus (76-138 CE) to a well-established family with old roots in Hispania, Hadrian was related to Emperor Trajan through his father, who was a maternal cousin of Trajan's. Trajan did not officially designate an heir before he died, though his wife Pompeia Plotina claims that Trajan named Hadrian his successor just before his death.<br/><br/> Hadrian travelled extensively during his reign, visiting nearly every province in the Roman Empire. He attempted to turn Athens into the Empire's cultural capital, and had a Greek lover named Antinous. Hadrian also spent a lot of time with the military, often wearing his military attire and dining and sleeping alongside his soldiers. He is perhaps most famous for building Hadrian's Wall, the wall that marked the northern limit of Britannia.<br/><br/> Hadrian was a philhellene (admirer of Greek culture) in most of his tastes as well as a humanist, and is regarded among the 'Five Good Emperors'. He adopted Lucius Aelius as his heir in 136, but the latter died two years later in January 138. He eventually adopted Antoninus Pius as his successor, so long as Antoninus agreed to adopt Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, Lucius Aelius' son, as his heirs. Hadrian died of heart failure on the 10th of July, 138.
Born Publius Aelius Hadrianus (76-138 CE) to a well-established family with old roots in Hispania, Hadrian was related to Emperor Trajan through his father, who was a maternal cousin of Trajan's. Trajan did not officially designate an heir before he died, though his wife Pompeia Plotina claims that Trajan named Hadrian his successor just before his death.<br/><br/> Hadrian travelled extensively during his reign, visiting nearly every province in the Roman Empire. He attempted to turn Athens into the Empire's cultural capital, and had a Greek lover named Antinous. Hadrian also spent a lot of time with the military, often wearing his military attire and dining and sleeping alongside his soldiers. He is perhaps most famous for building Hadrian's Wall, the wall that marked the northern limit of Britannia.<br/><br/> Hadrian was a philhellene (admirer of Greek culture) in most of his tastes as well as a humanist, and is regarded among the 'Five Good Emperors'. He adopted Lucius Aelius as his heir in 136, but the latter died two years later in January 138. He eventually adopted Antoninus Pius as his successor, so long as Antoninus agreed to adopt Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, Lucius Aelius' son, as his heirs. Hadrian died of heart failure on the 10th of July, 138.
Pupienus (165/170-238), also known as Pupienus Maximus, was a senator in the Roman Senate who had risen to power and influence through military success under the rule of the Severan dynasty. He served two terms as Consul, and became an important member of the Senate.<br/><br/> When Gordian I and his son were proclaimed Emperors in 238, the Senate immediately recognised them in defiance of Emperor Maximinus Thrax. Pupienus, an elderly man by then, was put on a committee to coordinate efforts to thwart Maximinus until the Gordians could arrive in Rome. The Gordians died less than a month after their declaration however, and the Senate became divided in how to act, ultimately voting for Pupienus and Balbinus, another elderly senator, to be installed as co-emperors.<br/><br/> Some senators, and the people of Rome, had wanted Gordian III, grandson of Gordian I, to be declared emperor however, and civil unrest gripped the capital. It was not helped that Pupienus and Balbinus argued and quarrelled often, Balbinus constantly worrying that Pupienus was planning to supplant him. Only a few months into their rule, they were dragged naked through the streets by the Praetorian Guard, publicly humiliated, tortured and then executed.<br/><br/>
Magnus Maximus (335-388) was born in Gallaecia, and would later become a distinguished general serving under Count Theodosius, father of Emperor Theodosius I, fighting in Africa and on the Danube, as well as during the Great Conspiracy in Britain, where he would later be permanently assigned in 380.<br/><br/> When the people became displeased with the western emperor Gratian, his troops proclaimed Maximus emperor, and aided him in his imperial ambitions. Gratian was slain in Lyon, and Maximus later marched into Italy to overthrow Valentinian II. He was only stopped by the intervention of the Eastern Roman Emperor, Theodosius I, who negotiated with him and saw Maximus recognised as co-emperor in the west.<br/><br/> Maximus' ambitions could not be quelled however, and he invaded Italy once more in 387, only to be finally defeated and killed by Theodosius I at the Battle of the Save in 388. To some historians, Maximus' death marked the end of direct imperial presence in Northern Gaul and Britain.
Gaius Julius Verus Maximus (217/220-238), sometimes known incorrectly as Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus or Maximinus the Younger, was the son of Thraco-Roman Emperor Maximinus Thrax. Maximus was appointed as Caesar in 236, but held little real power until he was murdered alongside his father in 238 by the Praetorian Guard, during the Siege of Aquileia.
Gaius Julius Verus Maximus (217/220 - 238), sometimes known incorrectly as Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus or Maximinus the Younger, was the son of Thraco-Roman Emperor Maximinus Thrax. Maximus was appointed as Caesar in 236, but held little real power until he was murdered alongside his father in 238 by the Praetorian Guard, during the Siege of Aquileia.
Jerash (محافظة جرش), is the site of the ruins of the Greco-Roman city of Gerasa, also referred to as Antioch on the Golden River. Jerash is considered one of the most important and best preserved Roman cities in the Near East. It was a city of the Decapolis.<br/><br/> Recent excavations show that Jerash was already inhabited during the Bronze Age (3200 BC - 1200 BC). After the Roman conquest in 63 BC, Jerash and the land surrounding it were annexed by the Roman province of Syria, and later joined the Decapolis cities.<br/><br/> In AD 90, Jerash was absorbed into the Roman province of Arabia, which included the city of Philadelphia (modern day Amman). The Romans ensured security and peace in this area, which enabled its people to devote their efforts and time to economic development and encouraged civic building activity.<br/><br/> In the second half of the first century AD, the city of Jerash achieved great prosperity. In AD 106, the Emperor Trajan constructed roads throughout the provinces and more trade came to Jerash. The Emperor Hadrian visited Jerash in AD 129-130. The triumphal arch (or Arch of Hadrian) was built to celebrate his visit. A remarkable Latin inscription records a religious dedication set up by members of the imperial mounted bodyguard 'wintering' there.<br/><br/> The city finally reached a size of about 800,000 square meters within its walls. The Persian invasion in AD 614 caused the rapid decline of Jerash. However, the city continued to flourish during the Umayyad Period, as shown by recent excavations. In AD 749, a major earthquake destroyed much of Jerash and its surroundings. During the period of the Crusades, some of the monuments were converted to fortresses, including the Temple of Artemis. Small settlements continued in Jerash during the Ayyubid, Mameluk and Ottoman periods. Excavation and restoration of Jerash has been almost continuous since the 1920s.
Jerash (محافظة جرش), is the site of the ruins of the Greco-Roman city of Gerasa, also referred to as Antioch on the Golden River. Jerash is considered one of the most important and best preserved Roman cities in the Near East. It was a city of the Decapolis.<br/><br/> Recent excavations show that Jerash was already inhabited during the Bronze Age (3200 BC - 1200 BC). After the Roman conquest in 63 BC, Jerash and the land surrounding it were annexed by the Roman province of Syria, and later joined the Decapolis cities.<br/><br/> In AD 90, Jerash was absorbed into the Roman province of Arabia, which included the city of Philadelphia (modern day Amman). The Romans ensured security and peace in this area, which enabled its people to devote their efforts and time to economic development and encouraged civic building activity.<br/><br/> In the second half of the first century AD, the city of Jerash achieved great prosperity. In AD 106, the Emperor Trajan constructed roads throughout the provinces and more trade came to Jerash. The Emperor Hadrian visited Jerash in AD 129-130. The triumphal arch (or Arch of Hadrian) was built to celebrate his visit. A remarkable Latin inscription records a religious dedication set up by members of the imperial mounted bodyguard 'wintering' there.<br/><br/> The city finally reached a size of about 800,000 square meters within its walls. The Persian invasion in AD 614 caused the rapid decline of Jerash. However, the city continued to flourish during the Umayyad Period, as shown by recent excavations. In AD 749, a major earthquake destroyed much of Jerash and its surroundings. During the period of the Crusades, some of the monuments were converted to fortresses, including the Temple of Artemis. Small settlements continued in Jerash during the Ayyubid, Mameluk and Ottoman periods. Excavation and restoration of Jerash has been almost continuous since the 1920s.
The Indian Elephant (Elephas maximus indicus) is one of three recognized subspecies of the Asian elephant, and native to mainland Asia.<br/><br/> In general, Asian elephants are smaller than African elephants and have the highest body point on the head. The tip of their trunk has one finger-like process. Their back is convex or level. Indian elephants reach a shoulder height of between 2 and 3.5 m (6.6 and 11.5 ft), weigh between 2,000 and 5,000 kg (4,400 and 11,000 lb), and have 19 pairs of ribs. Their skin color is lighter than of maximus with smaller patches of depigmentation, but darker than of sumatranus. Females are usually smaller than males, and have short or no tusks.<br/><br/> Indian elephants are native to mainland Asia: India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malay Peninsular, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and China. They inhabit grasslands, dry deciduous, moist deciduous, evergreen and semi-evergreen forests.
The Indian Elephant (Elephas maximus indicus) is one of three recognized subspecies of the Asian elephant, and native to mainland Asia.<br/><br/> In general, Asian elephants are smaller than African elephants and have the highest body point on the head. The tip of their trunk has one finger-like process. Their back is convex or level. Indian elephants reach a shoulder height of between 2 and 3.5 m (6.6 and 11.5 ft), weigh between 2,000 and 5,000 kg (4,400 and 11,000 lb), and have 19 pairs of ribs. Their skin color is lighter than of maximus with smaller patches of depigmentation, but darker than of sumatranus. Females are usually smaller than males, and have short or no tusks.<br/><br/> Indian elephants are native to mainland Asia: India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malay Peninsular, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, and China. They inhabit grasslands, dry deciduous, moist deciduous, evergreen and semi-evergreen forests.