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The Chinese in Hawaii, frequently referred to by their Hawaiian name Pake, constitute about 4.7% of the state's population, most of whom (75%) have ancestors from Zhongshan in Guangdong. This number does not include people of mixed Chinese and Hawaiian descent. If all people with Chinese ancestry in Hawaiii (including the Chinese-Hawaiians) are included, they form about one third of Hawaii's entire population.<br/><br/> As United States citizens, they are considered Chinese Americans.
The Chinese in Hawaii, frequently referred to by their Hawaiian name Pake, constitute about 4.7% of the state's population, most of whom (75%) have ancestors from Zhongshan in Guangdong. This number does not include people of mixed Chinese and Hawaiian descent. If all people with Chinese ancestry in Hawaiii (including the Chinese-Hawaiians) are included, they form about one third of Hawaii's entire population.<br/><br/> As United States citizens, they are considered Chinese Americans.
Chinese people began arriving in large numbers in South Africa in the 1870s through to the early 20th century initially in hopes of making their fortune in the diamond and gold mines in Kimberley and the Witwatersrand respectively. Most were independent immigrants mostly coming from Guangdong Province then known as Canton. Due to anti-Chinese feeling and racial discrimination at the time they were prevented from obtaining mining contracts and so became entrepreneurs and small business owners instead.<br/><br/> Between 1904 and 1910, over 63,000 contracted miners were brought from China in to work the mines of the Witwatersrand. Most of these contractors were recruited from the provinces of Chihli (Zhili), Shantung (Shandong) and Honan (Henan). They were repatriated after 1910 because of strong White opposition to their presence, similar to anti-Asian sentiment in the western United States, particularly California at the same time.
Gastarbeiter is German for 'guest worker'. It refers to foreign or migrant workers, particularly those who had moved to West Germany (BRD) mainly in the 1960s and 1970s, seeking work as part of a formal guest worker programme. <br/><br/> Similarly, the Netherlands and Belgium had a parallel scheme called the gastarbeider programme. Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland had similar programmes called arbetskraftsinvandring (workforce-immigration).
The Chinese in Hawaii, frequently referred to by their Hawaiian name Pake, constitute about 4.7% of the state's population, most of whom (75%) have ancestors from Zhongshan in Guangdong. This number does not include people of mixed Chinese and Hawaiian descent. If all people with Chinese ancestry in Hawaiii (including the Chinese-Hawaiians) are included, they form about one third of Hawaii's entire population.<br/><br/> As United States citizens, they are considered Chinese Americans.
Gastarbeiter is German for 'guest worker'. It refers to foreign or migrant workers, particularly those who had moved to West Germany (BRD) mainly in the 1960s and 1970s, seeking work as part of a formal guest worker programme. <br/><br/> Similarly, the Netherlands and Belgium had a parallel scheme called the gastarbeider programme. Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland had similar programmes called arbetskraftsinvandring (workforce-immigration).
In southwest China Yunnanese muleteers have long been the masters of transport and commerce, with trade routes extending to Tibet and throughout the Golden Triangle Region. Many were Muslim, perhaps the majority, though we know from contemporary writings that even these Muslim Hui or Chin Haw sometimes drank alcohol.<br/><br/> Haw is a name given to Yunnanese Chinese, both Han and Hui, by local Tai peoples.
The Tonle Sap, meaning "Large Freshwater River," but more commonly translated as "Great Lake" is a combined lake and river system of major importance to Cambodia. The Tonle Sap is the largest freshwater lake in Southeast Asia and is an ecological hot spot that was designated as a UNESCO biosphere in 1997. The Tonle Sap is unusual for two reasons: its flow changes direction twice a year, and the portion that forms the lake expands and shrinks dramatically with the seasons. From November to May, Cambodia's dry season, the Tonle Sap drains into the Mekong River at Phnom Penh. However, when the year's heavy rains begin in June, the Tonle Sap backs up to form an enormous lake.
Starting with the California Gold Rush in the late 19th century, the United States—particularly the West Coast states—imported large numbers of Chinese migrant laborers. Early Chinese immigrants worked as gold miners, and later on large labor projects, such as the building of the First Transcontinental Railroad.<br/><br/> Chinese migrant workers encountered considerable prejudice in the United States, especially by the people who occupied the lower layers in white society, because Chinese 'coolies' were used as a scapegoat for depressed wage levels by politicians and labor leaders.<br/><br/> In the 1870s and 1880s various legal discriminatory measures were taken against the Chinese. These laws, in particular the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, were aimed at restricting further immigration from China. The laws were later repealed by the Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943.