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Thailand: Mongkut (18 October 1804 - 1 October 1868), fourth King of Siam. Visit Card by Charles Jacotin (fl. 1863-1895), c. 1863-1868.<br/><br/> Mongkut, also known as Rama IV and full name Phra Bat Somdet Phra Menthora Ramathibodi Sri Sinthara Mahamakut Phra Mongkut Phra Siam Deva Mahamakut Wittaya Maharaj, was the fourth king of Siam of the House of Chakri. Ruling from 1851 till his death in 1868, he is best known internationally as the king in the 1951 musical 'The King and I', based on the 1944 novel about Anna Leonowens' years at his court.
Count Inoue Kaoru (16 January 1836 - 1 September 1915) was a Japanese statesman and a member of the Meiji oligarchy that ruled Japan during the Meiji period (1868–1912).
Count Kuroda Kiyotaka (16 October 1840 - 23 August 1900) was a Japanese politician of the Meiji era, and the second Prime Minister of Japan from 30 April 1888 to 25 October 1889
China, then under the Qing Dynasty, was defeated by Japan in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95. China was forced to cede Taiwan to the Japanese, and to recognize the independence of Korea in the Treaty of Shimonoseki. The Qing Dynasty was on the brink of collapse from internal revolts and foreign imperialism, while Japan had emerged as a great power through its effective measures of modernization.<br/><br/> Japanese often mocked Chinese between the Meiji Restoration of 1868 and the end of World War II. The Chinese were seen as culturally backward and objects of derision.