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Shantideva (Sk: Śāntideva; Zh: 寂天; Tibetan: Shyiwa Lha, Wylie: zhi ba lha); Mongolian: Шантидэва гэгээн) was an 8th-century Indian Buddhist scholar at Nalanda University and an adherent of the Madhyamaka philosophy of Nagarjuna.<br/><br/> The Chan Ssu Lun of the Chinese Madhyamika school identifies two different individuals given the name 'Shantideva': the founder of the Avaivartika Sangha in the 6th century, and a later Shantideva who studied at Nalanda in the 8th century who appears to be the source of the Tibetan biographies. Two Tibetan sources of the life of Shantideva are the historians Butön and Jetsün Tāranātha. Recent scholarship has brought to light a short Sanskrit life of Shantideva in a 14th century Nepalese manuscript.<br/><br/> Shantideva was a Brahmin in the southern country of Saurastra (in modern Gujarat), the son of the king Kalyanavarman and he went by the name Shantivarman.
Kanji are the logographic traditional Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese writing system along with hiragana, katakana, Indo-Arabic numerals, and the occasional use of the Latin alphabet (known as 'rōmaji'). The Japanese term 'kanji' literally means 'Han characters' or 'Chinese characters' and is the same written term used in the Chinese language to refer to the character writing system. The Mahaprajnaparamita Sutra was an encyclopedic collection of Prajnaparamita texts, usually attributed to Nagarjuna, translated into Chinese by Xuanzang and his assistants.