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A major battleground, Burma was devastated during World War II. By March 1942, within months after they entered the war, Japanese troops had advanced on Rangoon and the British administration had collapsed. A Burmese Executive Administration headed by Ba Maw was established by the Japanese in August 1942.<br/><br/> Wingate's British Chindits were formed into long-range penetration groups trained to operate deep behind Japanese lines. A similar American unit, Merrill's Marauders, followed the Chindits into the Burmese jungle in 1943. Beginning in late 1944, allied troops launched a series of offensives that led to the end of Japanese rule in July 1945. However, the battles were intense with much of Burma laid waste by the fighting. Overall, the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma.<br/><br/> Although many Burmese fought initially for the Japanese, some Burmese, mostly from the ethnic minorities, also served in the British Burma Army. The Burma National Army and the Arakan National Army fought with the Japanese from 1942 to 1944, but switched allegiance to the Allied side in 1945.
A major battleground, Burma was devastated during World War II. By March 1942, within months after they entered the war, Japanese troops had advanced on Rangoon and the British administration had collapsed. A Burmese Executive Administration headed by Ba Maw was established by the Japanese in August 1942.<br/><br/> Wingate's British Chindits were formed into long-range penetration groups trained to operate deep behind Japanese lines. A similar American unit, Merrill's Marauders, followed the Chindits into the Burmese jungle in 1943. Beginning in late 1944, allied troops launched a series of offensives that led to the end of Japanese rule in July 1945. However, the battles were intense with much of Burma laid waste by the fighting. Overall, the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma.<br/><br/> Although many Burmese fought initially for the Japanese, some Burmese, mostly from the ethnic minorities, also served in the British Burma Army. The Burma National Army and the Arakan National Army fought with the Japanese from 1942 to 1944, but switched allegiance to the Allied side in 1945.
Jakob van der Schley aka Jakob van Schley (26 July 1715 Amsterdam - 12 February 1779 Amsterdam) was a Dutch draughtsman and engraver. He studied under Bernard Picart (1673-1733) whose style he subsequently copied. His main interests were engraving portraits and producing illustrations for 'La Vie de Marianne' by Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de Marivaux (1688-1763), published in The Hague between 1735 and 1747.<br/><br/> He also engraved the frontispieces for a 15-volume edition of the complete works of Pierre de Brantôme (1540-1614), 'Oeuvres du seigneur de Brantôme', published in The Hague in 1740.
The Pegu Range (Burmese: ပဲခူးရိုးမ, Pegu Yoma or Bago Yoma) is a range of low mountains or hills and uplands between the Irrawaddy and the Sittaung River in central Burma (Myanmar) and once served as the headquarters of the Communist Party of Burma (CPB).<br/><br/>The Communist Party of Burma (Burmese: ဗမာပြည်ကွန်မြူနစ်ပါတီ; CPB) is the oldest existing political party in Burma. The party is unrecognised by the Burmese authorities, rendering it illegal; so it operates in a clandestine manner, often associating with insurgent armies along the border of People's Republic of China. It is often referred to as the Burma Communist Party (BCP) by both the Burmese government and the foreign media.
Placide de Sainte-Helene (Augustinus Placidus, 1648 - 1734) cartographer and Augustine monk was the brother-in-law of Pierre Duval (1618 - 1683), geographer to the King of France, Louis XIV.
Fernão Mendes Pinto (c.1509 — 8 July 1583) was a Portuguese explorer and writer. His exploits are known through the posthumous publication of his memoir Pilgrimage (Portuguese: Peregrinação) in 1614, an autobiographical work the accuracy of which has sometimes been called into question.<br/><br/> In the course of his travels in the Middle and Far East, Pinto visited Ethiopia, the Arabian Sea, China, India, Burma, Siam and Japan. He claimed to have been among the first group of Europeans to visit Japan and initiate the Nanban trade period.
Legend attributes the first Buddhist doctrine in Burma to 228 BCE when Sohn Uttar Sthavira, one of the royal monks to Emperor Ashoka the Great of India, came to the country with other monks and sacred texts. However, the era of Buddhism truly began in the 11th century after King Anawrahta of Pagan (Bagan) was converted to Theravada Buddhism. Today, 89% of the population of Burma is Theravada Buddhist.<br/><br/> Prome, renamed Pyay, is a town in Pegu (Bago) Division in lower Burma, located on the Irrawaddy (Ayeyarwady) River some 260 km northwest of Rangoon.
Legend attributes the first Buddhist doctrine in Burma to 228 BCE when Sohn Uttar Sthavira, one of the royal monks to Emperor Ashoka the Great of India, came to the country with other monks and sacred texts. However, the era of Buddhism truly began in the 11th century after King Anawrahta of Pagan (Bagan) was converted to Theravada Buddhism. Today, 89% of the population of Burma is Theravada Buddhist.<br/><br/> The ancient city of Prome, renamed Pyay, is a town in Pegu (Bago) Division in lower Burma, located on the Irrawaddy (Ayeyarwady) River some 260 km northwest of Rangoon.
Legend attributes the first Buddhist doctrine in Burma to 228 BCE when Sohn Uttar Sthavira, one of the royal monks to Emperor Ashoka the Great of India, came to the country with other monks and sacred texts. However, the era of Buddhism truly began in the 11th century after King Anawrahta of Pagan (Bagan) was converted to Theravada Buddhism. Today, 89% of the population of Burma is Theravada Buddhist.<br/><br/> Prome, renamed Pyay, is a town in Pegu (Bago) Division in lower Burma, located on the Irrawaddy (Ayeyarwady) River some 260 km northwest of Rangoon.
Legend attributes the first Buddhist doctrine in Burma to 228 BCE when Sohn Uttar Sthavira, one of the royal monks to Emperor Ashoka the Great of India, came to the country with other monks and sacred texts. However, the era of Buddhism truly began in the 11th century after King Anawrahta of Pagan (Bagan) was converted to Theravada Buddhism. Today, 89% of the population of Burma is Theravada Buddhist.<br/><br/> Prome, renamed Pyay, is a town in Pegu (Bago) Division in lower Burma, located on the Irrawaddy (Ayeyarwady) River some 260 km northwest of Rangoon.
Shwesandaw Pagoda, or Shwesandaw Paya, is a Buddhist temple in the center of Prome, or Pyay. It is one of the most important Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Burma, and is said to contain two of the Buddha's hairs, as its name means Golden Hair Relic. At 99m (325 ft), it is one meter taller in height than Shwedagon Pagoda in Rangoon.<br/><br/> Prome, renamed Pyay, is a town in Pegu (Bago) Division in lower Burma, located on the Irrawaddy (Ayeyarwady) River some 260 km northwest of Rangoon.
The annual water festival, known in Burmese as 'thingyan,' marks the beginning of the rainy season and is celebrated in Burma, Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries, usually in April. In this scene of revelry, participants gather water from the Pegu River and pour or throw it over each other.
Asia is the Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and comprises 30% of its land area. With approximately 4.3 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population.<br/><br/> The boundaries of Asia are culturally determined, as there is no clear geographical separation between it and Europe, which together form one continuous landmass called Eurasia. The most commonly accepted boundaries place Asia to the east of the Suez Canal, the Ural River, and the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma–Manych Depression) and the Caspian and Black Seas.It is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean and on the north by the Arctic Ocean.
Razadarit (1368–1421) was king of Hanthawaddy Pegu from 1384 to 1421, and is considered one of the greatest kings in Burmese history. He successfully reunified all three Mon-speaking regions of southern Burma (Myanmar), and fended off major assaults by the Burmese-speaking northern Kingdom of Ava (Inwa) in the Forty Years' War (1385–1424).<br/><br/> When Razadarit became the ruler of Hanthawaddy in 1384, the 16-year-old boy-king held just the Pegu (Bago) province while the other two major Mon-speaking regions of the Irrawaddy delta and Martaban (Mottama) were in open rebellion. By his sheer will and military leadership, he defeated Ava's first wave of invasions in the 1380s, and by 1390, was able to reunify all three Mon regions. During the second half of the Forty Years' War, he met Minkhaung I of Ava and his son Minyekyawswa head-on in Lower Burma, Upper Burma, and Arakan.<br/><br/> Razadarit is remembered as a complex figure: a brave military commander, who defeated Minkhaung I in single combat, and kept the kingdom independent; an able administrator who organized the kingdom; and a ruthless paranoid figure, who drove his first love Talamidaw to commit suicide, and ordered the execution of their innocent son Bawlawkyantaw.<br/><br/> The king died of injuries received when hunting a wild elephant in 1421 at age 53. He left a strong, independent kingdom for the Mon people that would prosper for another 118 years. Three of his offspring later became rulers of Hanthawaddy. His daughter Shin Sawbu was the first and only female regent, and one of the most enlightened rulers in Burmese history.<br/><br/> The story of Razadarit's reign is recorded in a classic epic that exists in Mon, Burmese and Thai language forms. Razadarit's struggles against Minkhaung I and Minyekyawswa are retold as classic stories of legend in Burmese popular culture.
Filipe de Brito e Nicote or Nga Zinga (d. April 1613) was a Portuguese adventurer and mercenary in Rakhine (Arakanese) service.<br/><br/> Born to a French father in Lisbon, Portugal, de Brito first travelled to Southeast Asia as a cabin boy. He eventually served under the King of Arakan, and became governor of Thanlyin (Syriam) in 1599. Returning to Goa the next year to gain official recognition, he returned in 1602 and was appointed 'Commander of Syriam' and 'King of Pegu' by the Portuguese royal court.<br/><br/> In 1613, de Brito's Thanlyin was besieged by the Burmese forces of King Anaukpetlun. After the fall of the city in April 1613, de Brito was executed by impalement. His friend and ally, Burmese Toungoo prince Natshinnaung was converted to Roman Catholicism and was baptised by a priest from Goa. Being the rebellious ruler of Toungoo, Natshinnaung was also executed in 1613 with de Brito.
Impalement is the penetration of an organism by an object such as a stake, pole, spear or hook, by complete (or partial) perforation of the central body mass.<br/><br/>The Portuguese mercenary, Filipe de Brito, was executed by impalement at Syriam / Thanylin in 1613 (see CPA0022573).
Razadarit (1368–1421) was king of Hanthawaddy Pegu from 1384 to 1421, and is considered one of the greatest kings in Burmese history. He successfully reunified all three Mon-speaking regions of southern Burma (Myanmar), and fended off major assaults by the Burmese-speaking northern Kingdom of Ava (Inwa) in the Forty Years' War (1385–1424).<br/><br/> When Razadarit became the ruler of Hanthawaddy in 1384, the 16-year-old boy-king held just the Pegu (Bago) province while the other two major Mon-speaking regions of the Irrawaddy delta and Martaban (Mottama) were in open rebellion. By his sheer will and military leadership, he defeated Ava's first wave of invasions in the 1380s, and by 1390, was able to reunify all three Mon regions. During the second half of the Forty Years' War, he met Minkhaung I of Ava and his son Minyekyawswa head-on in Lower Burma, Upper Burma, and Arakan.<br/><br/> Razadarit is remembered as a complex figure: a brave military commander, who defeated Minkhaung I in single combat, and kept the kingdom independent; an able administrator who organized the kingdom; and a ruthless paranoid figure, who drove his first love Talamidaw to commit suicide, and ordered the execution of their innocent son Bawlawkyantaw.<br/><br/> The king died of injuries received when hunting a wild elephant in 1421 at age 53. He left a strong, independent kingdom for the Mon people that would prosper for another 118 years. Three of his offspring later became rulers of Hanthawaddy. His daughter Shin Sawbu was the first and only female regent, and one of the most enlightened rulers in Burmese history.<br/><br/> The story of Razadarit's reign is recorded in a classic epic that exists in Mon, Burmese and Thai language forms. Razadarit's struggles against Minkhaung I and Minyekyawswa are retold as classic stories of legend in Burmese popular culture.