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The First Sino-Japanese War (1 August 1894 - 17 April 1895) was waged between Qing Dynasty China and the Japanese Empire, primarily over control of the Korean peninsula. In China, the war is commonly known as the War of Jiawu, while in Japan it is called the Japan-Qing War, and in Korea, the Qing-Japan War.<br/><br/>

The war lasted 8 months altogether, and saw more than six months of unbroken victories and success by the Japanese land and naval forces against the numerically superior but militarily inferior Chinese army. The Japanese eventually took over the Chinese port city of Weihaiwei and forced the Qing government to sue for peace in February 1895, though the war would continue until April.<br/><br/>

The Sino-Japanese War highlighted the stark failure of the Qing Empire to modernise and advance its armed forces, and resulted in regional dominance in East Asia shifting for the first time from China to Japan. The Korean peninsula, Joseon, was removed from the Chinese sphere of influence and fell under Japanese vassalage instead.
Modern girls ('modan gaaru', also shortened to 'moga') were Japanese women who followed Westernized fashions and lifestyles in the 1920s. These moga were Japan's equivalent of America's flappers, India's kallege ladki, Germany's neue Frauen, France's garconnes, or China's modeng xiaojie.<br/><br/>

The period was characterized by the emergence of working class young women with access to money and consumer goods. Modern girls were depicted as living in the cities, being financially and emotionally independent and choosing their own suitors.
'Hanatsubaki' is a monthly culturalmagazine issued by Shiseido. It was first issued in 1937. Although it was temporarily discontinued out of necessity for a period of time during and after World War II, it resumed printing in June 1950, 10 years after the discontinuation.<br/><br/>

The new 'Hanatsubaki' reflected increasing contemporaneous American cultural and social influence on Japanese society, as evinced in this cover for April, 1954.<br/><br/>

Since 2007, the magazine alternately issued 'Miru Hanatsubaki', in which fashion, beauty, art, and culture were vividly expressed on color pages, and 'Yomu Hanatsubaki', in which various reading materials such as novels were included. However, these 2 forms were unified, and the magazine has once again been issued as 'Hanatsubaki' starting in 2012, which was Shiseido’s 140th anniversary and the magazine’s 75th anniversary.
Modern girls ('modan gaaru', also shortened to 'moga') were Japanese women who followed Westernized fashions and lifestyles in the 1920s. These moga were Japan's equivalent of America's flappers, India's kallege ladki, Germany's neue Frauen, France's garconnes, or China's modeng xiaojie.<br/><br/>

The period was characterized by the emergence of working class young women with access to money and consumer goods. Modern girls were depicted as living in the cities, being financially and emotionally independent and choosing their own suitors.
<i>The Lady's and Gentleman's Diary</i> was a recreational mathematics magazine formed as a successor of <i>The Ladies' Diary</i> and <i>Gentleman's Diary</i> in 1841. It consisted mostly of problems posed by its readers, with their solutions given in later volumes, though it also contained word puzzles and poetry. The magazine was based in London.
Modern girls ('modan gaaru', also shortened to 'moga') were Japanese women who followed Westernized fashions and lifestyles in the 1920s. These moga were Japan's equivalent of America's flappers, India's kallege ladki, Germany's neue Frauen, France's garconnes, or China's modeng xiaojie.<br/><br/>

The period was characterized by the emergence of working class young women with access to money and consumer goods. Modern girls were depicted as living in the cities, being financially and emotionally independent and choosing their own suitors.
Hisui Sugiura (May 15, 1876 - August 18, 1965) was a Japanese graphic designer who was a pioneer of modern Japanese graphic design.
Modern girls ('modan gaaru', also shortened to 'moga') were Japanese women who followed Westernized fashions and lifestyles in the 1920s. These moga were Japan's equivalent of America's flappers, India's kallege ladki, Germany's neue Frauen, France's garconnes, or China's modeng xiaojie.<br/><br/>

The period was characterized by the emergence of working class young women with access to money and consumer goods. Modern girls were depicted as living in the cities, being financially and emotionally independent and choosing their own suitors.
Modern girls ('modan gaaru', also shortened to 'moga') were Japanese women who followed Westernized fashions and lifestyles in the 1920s. These moga were Japan's equivalent of America's flappers, India's kallege ladki, Germany's neue Frauen, France's garconnes, or China's modeng xiaojie.<br/><br/>

The period was characterized by the emergence of working class young women with access to money and consumer goods. Modern girls were depicted as living in the cities, being financially and emotionally independent and choosing their own suitors.
Modern girls ('modan gaaru', also shortened to 'moga') were Japanese women who followed Westernized fashions and lifestyles in the 1920s. These moga were Japan's equivalent of America's flappers, India's kallege ladki, Germany's neue Frauen, France's garconnes, or China's modeng xiaojie.<br/><br/>

The period was characterized by the emergence of working class young women with access to money and consumer goods. Modern girls were depicted as living in the cities, being financially and emotionally independent and choosing their own suitors.
Modern girls ('modan gaaru', also shortened to 'moga') were Japanese women who followed Westernized fashions and lifestyles in the 1920s. These moga were Japan's equivalent of America's flappers, India's kallege ladki, Germany's neue Frauen, France's garconnes, or China's modeng xiaojie.<br/><br/>

The period was characterized by the emergence of working class young women with access to money and consumer goods. Modern girls were depicted as living in the cities, being financially and emotionally independent and choosing their own suitors.
<i>The Ladies' Diary</i> or, <i>Woman's Almanack</i> appeared annually in London from 1704 to 1841 after which it was succeeded by <i>The Lady's and Gentleman's Diary</i>. It featured material relating to calendars etc. including sunrise and sunset times and phases of the moon, as well as important dates (eclipses, holidays, school terms, etc.), and a chronology of remarkable events.
Modern girls ('modan gaaru', also shortened to 'moga') were Japanese women who followed Westernized fashions and lifestyles in the 1920s. These moga were Japan's equivalent of America's flappers, India's kallege ladki, Germany's neue Frauen, France's garconnes, or China's modeng xiaojie.<br/><br/>

The period was characterized by the emergence of working class young women with access to money and consumer goods. Modern girls were depicted as living in the cities, being financially and emotionally independent and choosing their own suitors.
'Hanatsubaki' is a monthly cultural magazine issued by Shiseido. It was first issued in 1937. Although it was temporarily discontinued out of necessity for a period of time during and after World War II, it resumed printing in June 1950, 10 years after the discontinuation.<br/><br/>

A popular actress, Kyoko Kagawa of Shintoho Pictures, appeared on the first cover after printing was resumed.<br/><br/>

Since 2007, the magazine alternately issued 'Miru Hanatsubaki', in which fashion, beauty, art, and culture were vividly expressed on color pages, and 'Yomu Hanatsubaki', in which various reading materials such as novels were included. However, these 2 forms were unified, and the magazine has once again been issued as 'Hanatsubaki' starting in 2012, which was Shiseido’s 140th anniversary and the magazine’s 75th anniversary.
<i>The Ladies' Diary</i> or, <i>Woman's Almanack</i> appeared annually in London from 1704 to 1841 after which it was succeeded by <i>The Lady's and Gentleman's Diary</i>. It featured material relating to calendars etc. including sunrise and sunset times and phases of the moon, as well as important dates (eclipses, holidays, school terms, etc.), and a chronology of remarkable events.