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Philip IV of Spain (8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665) was King of Spain (as Philip IV in Castile and Philip III in Aragon) and Portugal as Philip III (Filipe III). He ascended the thrones in 1621 and reigned in Spain until his death and in Portugal until 1640. Philip is remembered for his patronage of the arts, including such artists as Diego Velázquez, and his rule over Spain during the Thirty Years' War.<br/><br/> On the eve of his death in 1665, the Spanish Empire had reached approximately 12.2 million square kilometers (4.7 million square miles) in area but in other respects was in decline, a process to which Philip contributed with his inability to achieve successful domestic and military reform.
Philip IV of Spain (8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665) was King of Spain (as Philip IV in Castile and Philip III in Aragon) and Portugal as Philip III (Filipe III). He ascended the thrones in 1621 and reigned in Spain until his death and in Portugal until 1640. Philip is remembered for his patronage of the arts, including such artists as Diego Velázquez, and his rule over Spain during the Thirty Years' War.<br/><br/> On the eve of his death in 1665, the Spanish Empire had reached approximately 12.2 million square kilometers (4.7 million square miles) in area but in other respects was in decline, a process to which Philip contributed with his inability to achieve successful domestic and military reform.
The Plaza Mayor was first built (1580–1619) during Philip III's reign. The plaza as we see it today was the work of the Spanish architect Juan de Villanueva (1739 - 1811) who reconstructed the plaza in 1790.
Philip III (14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621) was King of Spain. He was also, as Philip II, King of Portugal, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia and Duke of Milan from 1598 until his death.<br/><br/> The Plaza Mayor was first built (1580–1619) during Philip III's reign. The plaza as we see it today was the work of the Spanish architect Juan de Villanueva (1739 - 1811) who reconstructed the plaza in 1790.
Philip III (14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621) was King of Spain. He was also, as Philip II, King of Portugal, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia and Duke of Milan from 1598 until his death.<br/><br/> The Plaza Mayor was first built (1580–1619) during Philip III's reign. The plaza as we see it today was the work of the Spanish architect Juan de Villanueva (1739 - 1811) who reconstructed the plaza in 1790.
Philip III (14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621) was King of Spain. He was also, as Philip II, King of Portugal, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia and Duke of Milan from 1598 until his death.<br/><br/> The Plaza Mayor was first built (1580–1619) during Philip III's reign. The plaza as we see it today was the work of the Spanish architect Juan de Villanueva (1739 - 1811) who reconstructed the plaza in 1790.
Philip III (14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621) was King of Spain. He was also, as Philip II, King of Portugal, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia and Duke of Milan from 1598 until his death.<br/><br/> The Plaza Mayor was first built (1580–1619) during Philip III's reign. The plaza as we see it today was the work of the Spanish architect Juan de Villanueva (1739 - 1811) who reconstructed the plaza in 1790.
The equestrian statue of Ferdinando I was originally commissioned from an elderly Giambologna (1529 - 1608) and completed by his pupil Pietro Tacca.<br/><br/> Ferdinando I de' Medici (30 July 1549 – 17 February 1609) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1587 to 1609, having succeeded his older brother Francesco I.
The equestrian statue of Ferdinando I was originally commissioned from an elderly Giambologna (1529 - 1608) and completed by his pupil Pietro Tacca.<br/><br/> Ferdinando I de' Medici (30 July 1549 – 17 February 1609) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1587 to 1609, having succeeded his older brother Francesco I.
The equestrian statue of Ferdinando I was originally commissioned from an elderly Giambologna (1529 - 1608) and completed by his pupil Pietro Tacca.<br/><br/> Ferdinando I de' Medici (30 July 1549 – 17 February 1609) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1587 to 1609, having succeeded his older brother Francesco I.
The equestrian statue of Ferdinando I was originally commissioned from an elderly Giambologna (1529 - 1608) and completed by his pupil Pietro Tacca.<br/><br/> Ferdinando I de' Medici (30 July 1549 – 17 February 1609) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1587 to 1609, having succeeded his older brother Francesco I.
Niccolò di Pietro Gerini (c. 1340 – 1414) was an Italian painter of the late Gothic period, active mainly in his native Florence although he also carried out commissions in Pisa and Prato. He was not an innovative painter but relied on traditional compositions in which he placed his figures in a stiff and dramatic movement.
Francesco Redi (18 February 1626 – 1 March 1697) was an Italian physician, naturalist, biologist and poet. He is referred to as the 'founder of experimental biology', and as the 'father of modern parasitology'. He was the first person to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies.
The Loggia dei Lanzi, also called the Loggia della Signoria, was built between 1376 and 1382 by Benci di Cione and Simone di Francesco Talenti, possibly following a design by Jacopo di Sione, to house the assemblies of the people and hold public ceremonies, such as the swearing into office of the Gonfaloniers and the Priors.<br/><br/> The name Loggia dei Lanzi dates back to the reign of Grand Duke Cosimo I, when it was used to house his German mercenary pikemen. After the construction of the Uffizi at the rear of the Loggia, the Loggia's roof was modified by Bernardo Buontalenti and became a terrace from which the Medici princes could watch ceremonies in the piazza.
The Doge of Venice (derived from Latin dux, 'leader'), often mistranslated Duke (the Italian word for duke is 'Duca') was the chief magistrate and leader of the Most Serene Republic of Venice for over a thousand years. Doges of Venice were elected for life by the city-state's aristocracy. Commonly the person selected as Doge was the shrewdest elder in the city.<br/><br/> Contrary to popular belief the doge was not a duke in the modern sense, nor was a doge the equivalent of a hereditary duke. The doge was the senior-most elected official of Venice and Genoa; both cities were republics and elected doges. A doge was referred to variously by the titles 'My Lord the Doge' (Monsignor el Doxe), 'Most Serene Prince' (Serenissimo Principe), and 'His Serenity' (Sua Serenità).
Fabriano in central Italy was the first European centre of paper-making, developed after 1296 CE. Miliani also introduced the watermark technique. The technology for pulping and pressing paper in this 15th century factory was not dissimilar to Chinese paper mills some 16 centuries earlier.
Mary Magdalene (Greek Μαγδαληνή) was one of Jesus' most celebrated disciples, and the most important woman disciple in the movement of Jesus. Jesus cleansed her of 'seven demons', [Luke 8:2] [Mark 16:9] conventionally interpreted as referring to complex illnesses. She became most prominent during his last days, being present at the cross after the male disciples (excepting John the Beloved) had fled, and at his burial. She was the first person to see Jesus after his Resurrection, according to both John 20 and Mark 16:9.<br/><br/> Mary Magdalene is considered by the Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican, and Lutheran churches to be a saint, with a feast day of July 22. The Eastern Orthodox churches also commemorate her on the Sunday of the Myrrhbearers.