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Materia medica (English: medical material/substance) is a Latin medical term for the body of collected knowledge about the therapeutic properties of any substance used for healing (i.e., medicines).<br/><br/> The term derives from the title of a work by the Ancient Greek physician Pedanius Dioscorides in the 1st century CE, De materia medica, 'On Medical Material'. The term materia medica was used from the period of the Roman Empire until the 20th century, but has now been generally replaced in medical education contexts by the term pharmacology.
Shadow play (Chinese: 皮影戏, pí yĭng xì) or shadow puppetry is an ancient form of storytelling and entertainment using opaque, often articulated figures in front of an illuminated backdrop to create the illusion of moving images. It is popular in various cultures. At present, more than 20 countries are known to have shadow show troupes.<br/><br/>Shadow puppetry originated during the Han Dynasty when one of the concubines of Emperor Wu of Han died from an illness. The emperor was devastated, and he summoned his court officers to bring his beloved back to life. The officers made a shape of the concubine using donkey leather. Her joints were animated using 11 separate pieces of the leather, and adorned with painted clothes. Using an oil lamp they made her shadow move, bringing her back to life. Shadow theatre became quite popular as early as the Song Dynasty when holidays were marked by the presentation of many shadow plays. During the Ming Dynasty there were 40 to 50 shadow show troupes in the city of Beijing alone. In the 13th century, the shadow show became a regular recreation in the barracks of the Mongolian troops. It was spread by the conquering Mongols to distant countries like Persia, Arabia, and Turkey. Later, it was introduced to other Southeastern Asian countries.<br/><br/>The earliest shadow theatre screens were made of mulberry paper. The storytellers generally used the art to tell events between various war kingdoms or stories of Buddhist sources. Today, puppets made of leather and moved on sticks are used to tell dramatic versions of traditional fairy tales and myths. In Gansu province, it is accompanied by Daoqing music, while in Jilin, accompanying Huanglong music forms some of the basis of modern opera.
Ma Hongbin was born in Linxia, Gansu, China. He was a cousin of Hui Muslim warlord Ma Hongkui. He fought hard and well against the Japanese, and joined the communists in 1949. He died in Lanzhou in 1960.
Ma Hongkui (Wade–Giles: Ma Hung-kwei) (1892–1970) was a prominent warlord in China during the Republic of China era, ruling the northwestern province of Ningxia. His rank was Lieutenant-general. He was a key member of the ‘Three Ma’ (sometimes ‘Five Ma’) clique of Muslim Warlords who dominated Gansu, Qinghai and Ningxia between approximately 1927 and 1949. Ma Hongkui had a reputation as a good but brutal general who fought well against the Japanese.
The Ma clique is a collective name for a group of Hui (Muslim Chinese) warlords in northwestern China who ruled the Chinese provinces of Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia from the 1910s until 1949.<br/><br/> There were three families in the Ma clique (‘Ma’ being a common Hui rendering of the common Muslim name, Muhammad), each of them respectively controlled one area. The three most prominent members of the clique were Ma Bufang, Ma Hongkui, and Ma Hongbin, collectively known as the Xibei San Ma, (The Three Ma of the Northwest).<br/><br/> Some contemporary accounts, such as Edgar Snow's, described the clique as the ‘Four Ma’, adding Ma Bufang's brother Ma Buqing to the list of the top warlords. Other prominent Mas included Ma Anliang, Ma Qi, Ma Lin, Ma Hu-shan and Ma Zhongying.
Kham is a region in eastern Tibet which was considered a "special administrative district" within China until 1939, when it became an official Chinese province. The people of Kham are called ‘Khampas’ and are highly reputed warriors.
Ma Hongkui (Wade–Giles: Ma Hung-kwei) (1892–1970) was a prominent warlord in China during the Republic of China era, ruling the northwestern province of Ningxia. His rank was Lieutenant-general. He was a key member of the ‘Three Ma’ (sometimes ‘Five Ma’) clique of Muslim Warlords who dominated Gansu, Qinghai and Ningxia between approximately 1927 and 1949. Ma Hongkui had a reputation as a good but brutal general who fought well against the Japanese.
Ma Hongkui (Wade–Giles: Ma Hung-kwei) (1892–1970) was a prominent warlord in China during the Republic of China era, ruling the northwestern province of Ningxia.<br/><br/> His rank was Lieutenant-general. He was a key member of the ‘Three Ma’ (sometimes ‘Five Ma’) clique of Muslim Warlords who dominated Gansu, Qinghai and Ningxia between approximately 1927 and 1949. Ma Hongkui had a reputation as a good but brutal general who fought well against the Japanese.
Ma Bufang and Ma Buqing were prominent Ma clique warlords in China during the Republic of China era, controlling armies in the northwestern province of Qinghai. Their father Ma Qi formed the Ninghai Army in Qinghai in 1915, and received civilian and military posts from the Beiyang Government in Beijing in that same year confirming his military and civilian authority in Qinghai.
Ma Fuxiang , a Hui Muslim, was born in Linxia, Gansu, China. He was named the military governor of Xining, and then of Altay, in Qing times. He held a large number of military posts in the northwestern region after the founding of the republic. He was governor of Qinghai in 1912, Ningxia from 1912 to 1920, and Suiyuan from 1920 to 1925. Having turned to Chiang Kai-shek in 1928, he was made chairman of the government of Anhui in 1930. He was elected a member of the National Government Commission, and then appointed the mayor of Qingdao, special municipality. He was also the president of the Mongolian-Tibetan Commission and a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang. He died in August 1932.
Ma Hongkui (Wade–Giles: Ma Hung-kwei) (1892–1970) was a prominent warlord in China during the Republic of China era, ruling the northwestern province of Ningxia.<br/><br/> His rank was Lieutenant-general. He was a key member of the ‘Three Ma’ (sometimes ‘Five Ma’) clique of Muslim Warlords who dominated Gansu, Qinghai and Ningxia between approximately 1927 and 1949. Ma Hongkui had a reputation as a good but brutal general who fought well against the Japanese.
Ma Lin, chairman of the government of Qinghai (1931–38); brother of Ma Qi. A Muslim born in 1873, Linxia, Gansu, China, he mainly succeeded to the posts of his brother, being general of southeastern Gansu province, as well as councillor of the Qinghai provincial government and acting head of the Construction Bureau of Qinghai province. He was the great uncle of the Ma Clique warlord Ma Zhongying.
Ma Bufang and his older brother Ma Buqing (1901–1977) were born in Monigou Township in what is today Linxia County, some 35 km west of Linxia City. Their father Ma Qi formed the Ninghai Army in Qinghai in 1915, and received civilian and military posts from the Beiyang Government in Beijing in that same year confirming his military and civilian authority in Qinghai.
Ma Qi was a warlord in early 20th century China. A Muslim Hui, he was born in 1869 in Daohe, now part of Linxia, Gansu, China. He was senior commander in the Qinghai-Gansu region since the late Qing period, and was the father of Ma Family warlords Ma Buqing and Ma Bufang.
Ma Fuxiang , a Hui Muslim, was born in Linxia, Gansu, China. He was named the military governor of Xining, and then of Altay, in Qing times. He held a large number of military posts in the northwestern region after the founding of the republic. He was governor of Qinghai in 1912, Ningxia from 1912 to 1920, and Suiyuan from 1920 to 1925. Having turned to Chiang Kai-shek in 1928, he was made chairman of the government of Anhui in 1930. He was elected a member of the National Government Commission, and then appointed the mayor of Qingdao, special municipality. He was also the president of the Mongolian-Tibetan Commission and a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang. He died in August 1932.
Hui Muslim general and scion of the Ma Clique of Northwest Muslim warlords during the Chinese Republic (1911-1949).
Hui Muslim general and scion of the Ma Clique of Northwest Muslim warlords during the Chinese Republic (1911-1949).<br/><br/> The Ma clique is a collective name for a group of Hui (Muslim Chinese) warlords in northwestern China who ruled the Chinese provinces of Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia from the 1910s until 1949.<br/><br/> There were three families in the Ma clique (‘Ma’ being a common Hui rendering of the common Muslim name, Muhammad), each of them controlling one area respectively. The three most prominent members of the clique were Ma Bufang, Ma Hongkui and Ma Hongbin, collectively known as the 'Xibei San Ma', (The Three Ma of the Northwest).<br/><br/> Some contemporary accounts, such as Edgar Snow's, described the clique as the ‘Four Ma’, adding Ma Bufang's brother Ma Buqing to the list of the top warlords.
Hui Muslim general and scion of the Ma Clique of Northwest Muslim warlords during the Chinese Republic (1911-1949).<br/><br/> The Ma clique is a collective name for a group of Hui (Muslim Chinese) warlords in northwestern China who ruled the Chinese provinces of Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia from the 1910s until 1949.<br/><br/> There were three families in the Ma clique (‘Ma’ being a common Hui rendering of the common Muslim name, Muhammad), each of them controlling one area respectively. The three most prominent members of the clique were Ma Bufang, Ma Hongkui and Ma Hongbin, collectively known as the 'Xibei San Ma', (The Three Ma of the Northwest).<br/><br/> Some contemporary accounts, such as Edgar Snow's, described the clique as the ‘Four Ma’, adding Ma Bufang's brother Ma Buqing to the list of the top warlords.