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Japan: 'Shelter from the Rain, Encounters on the Road at New Year, No. 6: Actors Ichikawa Kodanji IV, Iwai Kumesaburo III, Bando Hikosaburo IV'. Part of triptych print by Utagawa Kunisada I (1786-1865), 1855. Utagawa Kunisada, also known as Utagawa Toyokuni III, was the most popular, prolific and financially successful designer of <i>ukiyo-e</i> woodblock prints in 19th-century Japan. In his own time, his reputation far exceeded that of his contemporaries, Hokusai, Hiroshige and Kuniyoshi. His favourite subjects were pleasure-houses and tea ceremonies.
Japan: 'Shelter from the Rain, Encounters on the Road at New Year, No. 5: Actors Arashi Kichisaburo III, Asao Okuyama III, Ichikawa Hirogoro I, Nakamura Daikichi III'. Part of triptych print by Utagawa Kunisada I (1786-1865), 1855. Utagawa Kunisada, also known as Utagawa Toyokuni III, was the most popular, prolific and financially successful designer of <i>ukiyo-e</i> woodblock prints in 19th-century Japan. In his own time, his reputation far exceeded that of his contemporaries, Hokusai, Hiroshige and Kuniyoshi. His favourite subjects were pleasure-houses and tea ceremonies.
Japan: 'Shelter from the Rain, Encounters on the Road at New Year, No. 4: Actors Sawamura Tossho II, Nakamura Tsuruzo I, Kawarazaki Gonjuro I'. Part of triptych print by Utagawa Kunisada I (1786-1865), 1855. Utagawa Kunisada, also known as Utagawa Toyokuni III, was the most popular, prolific and financially successful designer of <i>ukiyo-e</i> woodblock prints in 19th-century Japan. In his own time, his reputation far exceeded that of his contemporaries, Hokusai, Hiroshige and Kuniyoshi. His favourite subjects were pleasure-houses and tea ceremonies.
Tamzhing / Tamshing Lhundrup Monastery is a temple complex in Bumthang District, central Bhutan. Tamzhing Monastery is the most important Nyingma gompa in Bhutan, a Tibetan Buddhist ecclesiastical place of learning that is a mix of a fortification, a vihara (monastery) and a university.<br/><br/> The temple was built in 1501 by Bhutanese saint Pema Lingpa (1450-1521). When he died in 1521, his descendants took care of the temple. It eventually fell into disrepair and neglect under private hands. It stopped being privately owned in 1960, when monks fleeing Tibet returned to the monastery and reestablished a presence there.
The Punakha Dzong, also known as Pungtang Dewa chhenbi Phodrang ('the palace of great happiness or bliss') was built in 1637 - 1638 by the 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche and founder of the Bhutanese state, Ngawang Namgyal (1594 - 1651). It is the second largest and second oldest dzong (fortress) in Bhutan, located at the confluence of the Pho Chhu (father) and Mo Chhu (mother) rivers in the Punakha-Wangdue valley.<br/><br/> Punakha Dzong is the administrative centre of Punakha District, and once acted as the administrative centre and the seat of Bhutan's government until 1855, when the capital was moved to Thimphu, though it still acts as the winter capital for the head of the Bhutanese clergy. It houses sacred relics from the southern Drukpa Lineage of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.
The Second Sino-Japanese War (July 7, 1937 – September 9, 1945) was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the war merged into the greater conflict of World War II as a major front of what is broadly known as the Pacific War.<br/><br/> Although the two countries had fought intermittently since 1931, total war started in earnest in 1937 and ended only with the surrender of Japan in 1945. The war was the result of a decades-long Japanese imperialist policy aiming to dominate China politically and militarily and to secure its vast raw material reserves and other economic resources, particularly food and labour. Before 1937, China and Japan fought in small, localized engagements.<br/><br/> Yet the two sides, for a variety of reasons, refrained from fighting a total war. In 1931, the Japanese invasion of Manchuria by Japan's Kwantung Army followed the Mukden Incident. The last of these incidents was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937, marking the beginning of total war between the two countries.
In the Ugaritic Levant, Baal was variously seen as the God of Fertility, Weather, Rain, Wind, Lightning, Seasons, War, Patron of Sailors and sea-going merchants, leader of the Rephaim (ancestral spirits), and finally King of the gods
Yashima Gakutei was a Japanese artist and poet who was a pupil of both Totoya Hokkei and Hokusai. Gakutei is best known for his <i>kyoka</i> poetry and <i>surimono</i> woodblock works.
Utagawa Yoshitaki ( April 13, 1841 – June 28, 1899), also known as Ichiyosai Yoshitaki, was a designer of ukiyo-e style Japanese woodblock prints. He was active in both Edo (Tokyo) and Osaka and was also a painter and newspaper illustrator.<br/><br/> Yoshitaki was a student of Utagawa Yoshiume (1819–1879). He became the most prolific designer of woodblock prints in Osaka from the 1860s to the 1880s, producing more than 1,200 different prints, almost all of kabuki actors.
Helen Hyde (April 6, 1868 - May 13, 1919) was an American engraver and etcher. Born in Lima, New York, she became well known for her colour etching process, as well as her woodblock prints of Japanese children and women.
Torii Kotondo is known to have made only 21 prints - all of them images of bijin or beautiful women. They belong to the finest works of art of the Shin Hanga movement.<br/><br/> Shin hanga ('new prints') was an art movement in early 20th-century Japan, during the Taisho and Showa periods, that revitalized traditional ukiyo-e art rooted in the Edo and Meiji periods (17th–19th century).<br/><br/> The movement flourished from around 1915 to 1942, though it resumed briefly from 1946 through the 1950s. Inspired by European Impressionism, the artists incorporated Western elements such as the effects of light and the expression of individual moods, but focused on strictly traditional themes of landscapes (fukeiga), famous places (meisho), beautiful women (bijinga), kabuki actors (yakusha-e), and birds and flowers (kachoga).
Sadanobu's small landscapes of Kyoto and Osaka were produced very much with the Edo artist Hiroshige in mind. Indeed, he also did miniature copies of some of Hiroshige's most famous designs.<br/><br/> Kyoto was the capital of Japan from 1180 to 1868, when the capital was moved to Tokyo (previously Edo) at the beginning of the Meiji Era in 1868. Sadanobu's woodblock prints of 'Famous Places in the Capital' was thus produced towards the very end of Kyoto's position as the Japanese capital, and possibly continued into the first year or two of the Meiji Period.
Gao Kegong (Wade–Giles: Kao K'o-kung; 1248–1310) was a Chinese painter and poet, born during the Yuan dynasty, well known for his landscapes.<br/><br/> He was a good friend and colleague of Zhao Mengfu, and his paintings showed an artistic combination between Han and other minority styles during the Yuan Dynasty.
The Great Leap Forward ( Da yue jin) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was an economic and social campaign of the Communist Party of China (CPC), reflected in planning decisions from 1958 to 1961, which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society through the process of rapid industrialization, and collectivization. Mao Zedong led the campaign based on the Theory of Productive Forces, and intensified it after being informed of the impending disaster from grain shortages.<br/><br/> Chief changes in the lives of rural Chinese included the introduction of a mandatory process of agricultural collectivization, which was introduced incrementally. Private farming was prohibited, and those engaged in it were labeled as counter revolutionaries and persecuted. Restrictions on rural people were enforced through public struggle sessions, and social pressure.<br/><br/> The Great Leap ended in catastrophe, resulting in tens of millions of excess deaths. Estimates of the death toll range from 18 million to at least 45 million.<br/><br/> In subsequent conferences in 1960 and 1962, the negative effects of the Great Leap Forward were studied by the CPC, and Mao was criticized in the party conferences. Moderate Party members like Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping rose to power, and Mao was marginalized within the party, leading him to initiate the Cultural Revolution in 1966.
The First Indochina War (also known as the French Indochina War, Anti-French War, Franco-Vietnamese War, Franco-Vietminh War, Indochina War, Dirty War in France, and Anti-French Resistance War in contemporary Vietnam) was fought in French Indochina from December 19, 1946, until August 1, 1954.<br/><br/> The war took place between the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps, led by France and supported by Emperor Bảo Đại's Vietnamese National Army against the Việt Minh, led by Hồ Chí Minh and Võ Nguyên Giáp.<br/><br/> Most of the fighting took place in Tonkin in Northern Vietnam, although the conflict engulfed the entire country and also extended into the neighboring French Indochina protectorates of Laos and Cambodia. The war ended in French defeat at Dien Bien Phu in 1954.
Torii Kiyonaga (鳥居 清長, 1752 - June 28, 1815) was a Japanese ukiyo-e printmaker and painter of the Torii school. Originally Sekiguchi Shinsuke, the son of an Edo bookseller, he took on Torii Kiyonaga as an art-name (gō). Although not biologically related to the Torii family, he became head of the group after the death of his adoptive father and teacher Torii Kiyomitsu.<br/><br/> The master Kiyomitsu died in 1785; since his son died young, and Kiyotsune, Kiyonaga's senior, was a less promising artist, Kiyonaga was the obvious choice to succeed Kiyomitsu to leadership of the Torii school. However, he delayed this for two years, likely devoting time to his bijinga (portraits of beautiful women) and realizing the immense responsibility that would fall on his shoulders once he took over the school. Thus, in 1787, he began organizing the production of kabuki signboards and the like, which the school held a near monopoly on. He also began to train Kiyomitsu's grandson, Torii Kiyomine, who was to succeed him.<br/><br/> Kiyonaga is considered one of the great masters of the full-color print (nishiki-e) and of bijinga, images of courtesans and other beautiful women. Like most ukiyo-e artists, however, he also produced a number of prints and paintings depicting Kabuki actors and related subjects, many of them promotional materials for the theaters. He also produced a number of shunga, or erotic images.
The 8888 Nationwide Popular Pro-Democracy Protests (also known as the People Power Uprising) were a series of marches, demonstrations, protests, and riots in the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma (today commonly known as Burma or Myanmar). Key events occurred on 8 August 1988, and therefore it is known as the 8888 Uprising.
Banteay Srei (or Banteay Srey) is a 10th century Cambodian temple dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva and is located to the north-east of the main group of temples at Angkor. Banteay Srei is built largely of red sandstone, a medium that lends itself to the elaborate decorative wall carvings which are still observable today. Banteay Srei is sometimes referred to as the 'jewel of Khmer art.'
The Dong, a Kam–Sui people of southern China, are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. They are famed for their native-bred Kam Sweet Rice, carpentry skills, and unique architecture, in particular a form of covered bridge known as the 'wind and rain bridge'. The Dong people live mostly in eastern Guizhou, western Hunan, and northern Guangxi provinces. Small pockets of Dong speakers are also found in Tuyên Quang province, northern Vietnam.<br/><br/> Nanning was originally founded during the Yuan Dynasty (1271 - 1368), although there was a county seat here called Jinxing as far back as 318 CE.<br/><br/> Opened to foreign trade by the Chinese in 1907, Nanning grew rapidly. From 1912 to 1936 it was the provincial capital of Guangxi, replacing Guilin.<br/><br/> Due to its proximity to the Vietnamese border Nanning became a major centre for supplying Ho Chi Minh's North Vietnam during the Second Indochina War (Vietnam War).
The Dong, a Kam–Sui people of southern China, are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. They are famed for their native-bred Kam Sweet Rice, carpentry skills, and unique architecture, in particular a form of covered bridge known as the 'wind and rain bridge'. The Dong people live mostly in eastern Guizhou, western Hunan, and northern Guangxi provinces. Small pockets of Dong speakers are also found in Tuyên Quang province, northern Vietnam.<br/><br/> Nanning was originally founded during the Yuan Dynasty (1271 - 1368), although there was a county seat here called Jinxing as far back as 318 CE.<br/><br/> Opened to foreign trade by the Chinese in 1907, Nanning grew rapidly. From 1912 to 1936 it was the provincial capital of Guangxi, replacing Guilin.<br/><br/> Due to its proximity to the Vietnamese border Nanning became a major centre for supplying Ho Chi Minh's North Vietnam during the Second Indochina War (Vietnam War).
The Dong, a Kam–Sui people of southern China, are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. They are famed for their native-bred Kam Sweet Rice, carpentry skills, and unique architecture, in particular a form of covered bridge known as the 'wind and rain bridge'. The Dong people live mostly in eastern Guizhou, western Hunan, and northern Guangxi provinces. Small pockets of Dong speakers are also found in Tuyên Quang province, northern Vietnam.<br/><br/> Nanning was originally founded during the Yuan Dynasty (1271 - 1368), although there was a county seat here called Jinxing as far back as 318 CE.<br/><br/> Opened to foreign trade by the Chinese in 1907, Nanning grew rapidly. From 1912 to 1936 it was the provincial capital of Guangxi, replacing Guilin.<br/><br/> Due to its proximity to the Vietnamese border Nanning became a major centre for supplying Ho Chi Minh's North Vietnam during the Second Indochina War (Vietnam War).
The revenge of the Forty-seven Ronin (四十七士 Shi-jū-shichi-shi), also known as the Forty-seven Samurai, the Akō vendetta, or the Genroku Akō incident (元禄赤穂事件 Genroku akō jiken) took place in Japan at the start of the 18th century. One noted Japanese scholar described the tale as the country's 'national legend'. It recounts the most famous case involving the samurai code of honor, bushidō.<br/><br/> The story tells of a group of samurai who were left leaderless (becoming ronin) after their daimyo (feudal lord) Asano Naganori was forced to commit seppuku (ritual suicide) for assaulting a court official named Kira Yoshinaka, whose title was Kōzuke no suke. The ronin avenged their master's honor after patiently waiting and planning for two years to kill Kira.<br/><br/> In turn, the ronin were themselves ordered to commit seppuku for committing the crime of murder. With much embellishment, this true story was popularized in Japanese culture as emblematic of the loyalty, sacrifice, persistence, and honor that all good people should preserve in their daily lives. The popularity of the almost mythical tale was only enhanced by rapid modernization during the Meiji era of Japanese history, when it is suggested many people in Japan longed for a return to their cultural roots.<br/><br/> Fictionalized accounts of these events are known as Chūshingura. The story was popularized in numerous plays including bunraku and kabuki. Because of the censorship laws of the shogunate in the Genroku era, which forbade portrayal of current events, the names of the ronin were changed.
Suzuki Harunobu (鈴木 春信4, 1724 – July 7, 1770) was a Japanese woodblock print artist, one of the most famous in the Ukiyo-e style. He was an innovator, the first to produce full-color prints (nishiki-e) in 1765, rendering obsolete the former modes of two- and three-color prints.<br/><br/> Harunobu used many special techniques, and depicted a wide variety of subjects, from classical poems to contemporary beauties (bijin, bijin-ga). Like many artists of his day, Harunobu also produced a number of shunga, or erotic images.<br/><br/> During his lifetime and shortly afterwards, many artists imitated his style. A few, such as Harushige, even boasted of their ability to forge the work of the great master. Much about Harunobu's life is unknown.
Suzuki Harunobu (鈴木 春信4, 1724 – July 7, 1770) was a Japanese woodblock print artist, one of the most famous in the Ukiyo-e style. He was an innovator, the first to produce full-color prints (nishiki-e) in 1765, rendering obsolete the former modes of two- and three-color prints.<br/><br/> Harunobu used many special techniques, and depicted a wide variety of subjects, from classical poems to contemporary beauties (bijin, bijin-ga). Like many artists of his day, Harunobu also produced a number of shunga, or erotic images.<br/><br/> During his lifetime and shortly afterwards, many artists imitated his style. A few, such as Harushige, even boasted of their ability to forge the work of the great master. Much about Harunobu's life is unknown.
The Nanhua Temple (Nánhuá Sì) was founded during the time of the North-South Dynasties in 502 AD by an Indian monk named Zhiyao Sanzang (智樂三藏) who originally named the site Baolin Temple (寶林寺). It received its present name in 968 during the reign of the Song Dynasty Emperor Taizong.<br/><br/> The temple is a Buddhist monastery of the Chan School, one of Five Great Schools of Buddhism where Hui Neng, the Sixth Patriarch of the Chan School of Buddhism, once lived and taught.
The Nanhua Temple (Nánhuá Sì) was founded during the time of the North-South Dynasties in 502 AD by an Indian monk named Zhiyao Sanzang (智樂三藏) who originally named the site Baolin Temple (寶林寺). It received its present name in 968 during the reign of the Song Dynasty Emperor Taizong.<br/><br/> The temple is a Buddhist monastery of the Chan School, one of Five Great Schools of Buddhism where Hui Neng, the Sixth Patriarch of the Chan School of Buddhism, once lived and taught.
The Tacuinum (sometimes Taccuinum) Sanitatis is a medieval handbook on health and wellbeing, based on the Taqwim al‑sihha تقويم الصحة ('Maintenance of Health'), an eleventh-century Arab medical treatise by Ibn Butlan of Baghdad.<br/><br/> Ibn Butlân was a Christian physician born in Baghdad and who died in 1068. He sets forth the six elements necessary to maintain daily health: food and drink, air and the environment, activity and rest, sleep and wakefulness, secretions and excretions of humours, changes or states of mind (happiness, anger, shame, etc). According to Ibn Butlân, illnesses are the result of changes in the balance of some of these elements, therefore he recommended a life in harmony with nature in order to maintain or recover one’s health.<br/><br/> Ibn Butlân also teaches us to enjoy each season of the year, the consequences of each type of climate, wind and snow. He points out the importance of spiritual wellbeing and mentions, for example, the benefits of listening to music, dancing or having a pleasant conversation.<br/><br/> Aimed at a cultured lay audience, the text exists in several variant Latin versions, the manuscripts of which are characteristically profusely illustrated. The short paragraphs of the treatise were freely translated into Latin in mid-thirteenth-century Palermo or Naples, continuing an Italo-Norman tradition as one of the prime sites for peaceable inter-cultural contact between the Islamic and European worlds.<br/><br/> Four handsomely illustrated complete late fourteenth-century manuscripts of the Taccuinum, all produced in Lombardy, survive, in Vienna, Paris, Liège and Rome, as well as scattered illustrations from others, as well as fifteenth-century codices.
The British conquest of Burma began in 1824 in response to a Burmese attempt to invade India. By 1886, and after two further wars, Britain had incorporated the entire country into the British Raj. To stimulate trade and facilitate changes, the British brought in Indians and Chinese, who quickly displaced the Burmese in urban areas. To this day Rangoon and Mandalay have large ethnic Indian populations. Railways and schools were built, as well as a large number of prisons, including the infamous Insein Prison, then as now used for political prisoners.<br/><br/> Burmese resentment was strong and was vented in violent riots that paralysed Rangoon on occasion all the way until the 1930s. Burma was administered as a province of British India until 1937 when it became a separate, self-governing colony. Burma finally gained independence from Britain on January 4, 1948.
Tsuchiya Koitsu was an artist of the Shin Hanga movement. Shin hanga ('new prints') was an art movement in early 20th-century Japan, during the Taishō and Shōwa periods, that revitalized traditional ukiyo-e art rooted in the Edo and Meiji periods (17th–19th century).<br/><br/> The movement flourished from around 1915 to 1942, though it resumed briefly from 1946 through the 1950s. Inspired by European Impressionism, the artists incorporated Western elements such as the effects of light and the expression of individual moods, but focused on strictly traditional themes of landscapes (fukeiga), famous places (meishō), beautiful women (bijinga), kabuki actors (yakusha-e), and birds and flowers (kachōga).
Tavik Frantisek Simon (1877–1942), was a Czech painter, etcher, and woodcut artist. Although based mainly in Europe, his extensive travels took him to Morocco, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), India, and Japan, images of all of which appear in his artistic work. He died in Prague in 1942. Largely ignored during the Communist era in Czechoslovakia, his work has received greater attention in recent years.
Japonaiserie was the term the Dutch post-impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh used to express the influence of Japanese art. Before 1854 trade with Japan was confined to a Dutch monopoly and Japanese goods imported into Europe were for the most part confined to porcelain and lacquerware. The Convention of Kanagawa put an end to the 200 year old Japanese foreign policy of Seclusion and opened up trade between Japan and the West.<br/><br/>Artists such as Manet, Degas and Monet, followed by Van Gogh, began to collect the cheap colour wood-block prints called ukiyo-e prints. For a while Vincent and his brother Theo dealt in these prints and they eventually amassed hundreds of them. Subsequently Van Gogh would write (1888): 'All my work is based to some extent on Japanese art...'<br/><br/>Van Gogh made copies of two Hiroshige prints. He enhanced their colours and added borders filled with calligraphic characters he borrowed from other prints. Van Gogh's 'The Bridge in the Rain' is based directly on Hiroshige's 'Sudden Shower over Shin-Ōhashi bridge and Atake (大はしあたけの夕立). Image 58 of '100 Famous Views of Edo' (1856-1859).
'An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon together With somewhat Concerning Severall Remarkable passages of my life that hath hapned [sic] since my Deliverance out of Captivity' is a book written by the English trader and sailor Robert Knox in 1681. It describes his experiences some years earlier on the South Asian island now best known as Sri Lanka and provides one of the most important contemporary accounts of 17th century Ceylonese life. Knox spent 19 years on Ceylon after being taken prisoner by King Rajasimha II.
A collection of 100 English nursery rhymes, in English with a parallel rendering into Malay. The collection is illustrated by Malayan scenes and a number of rhymes have been given musical accompaniments. There is a glossary at the back to aid understanding of the Malay.
USAF B-52s flying out of Guam and various air bases in Thailand did tremendous damage in terms of infrastructure and human life, especially during Arclight strikes over South Vietnam and during the Christmas Offensive against Hanoi in 1972.<br/><br/> The Second Indochina War, known in America as the Vietnam War, was a Cold War era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the U.S. and other anti-communist nations. The U.S. government viewed involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and part of their wider strategy of containment.<br/><br/> The North Vietnamese government viewed the war as a colonial war, fought initially against France, backed by the U.S., and later against South Vietnam, which it regarded as a U.S. puppet state. U.S. military advisors arrived beginning in 1950. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with U.S. troop levels tripling in 1961 and tripling again in 1962. U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Operations spanned borders, with Laos and Cambodia heavily bombed. Involvement peaked in 1968 at the time of the Tet Offensive.<br/><br/> U.S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973. The capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese army in April 1975 marked the end of the US-Vietnam War.
Zanzibar (from Arabic: زنجبار‎ Zanjibār, from Persian: زنگبار‎ Zangibār'Coast of Blacks'; zangi [black-skinned] + bār [coast]) is a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania in East Africa. It is composed of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Indian Ocean, 25–50 kilometres (16–31 mi) off the coast of the mainland, and consists of numerous small islands and two large ones: Unguja (the main island, referred to informally as Zanzibar), and Pemba.<br/><br/> The capital of Zanzibar, located on the island of Unguja, is Zanzibar City. Its historic centre, known as Stone Town, is a World Heritage Site and is claimed to be the only functioning ancient town in East Africa.<br/><br/> Zanzibar's main industries are spices, raffia, and tourism. In particular, the islands produce cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, and black pepper. For this reason, the islands, together with Tanzania's Mafia Island, are sometimes called the Spice Islands (a term also associated with the Maluku Islands in Indonesia).
The Great Leap Forward (simplified Chinese: 大跃进; traditional Chinese: 大躍進; pinyin: Dà yuè jìn) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was an economic and social campaign of the Communist Party of China (CPC), reflected in planning decisions from 1958 to 1961, which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society through the process of rapid industrialization, and collectivization. Mao Zedong led the campaign based on the Theory of Productive Forces, and intensified it after being informed of the impending disaster from grain shortages.<br/><br/> Chief changes in the lives of rural Chinese included the introduction of a mandatory process of agricultural collectivization, which was introduced incrementally. Private farming was prohibited, and those engaged in it were labeled as counter revolutionaries and persecuted. Restrictions on rural people were enforced through public struggle sessions, and social pressure.<br/><br/> The Great Leap ended in catastrophe, resulting in tens of millions of excess deaths. Estimates of the death toll range from 18 million to at least 45 million.<br/><br/> In subsequent conferences in 1960 and 1962, the negative effects of the Great Leap Forward were studied by the CPC, and Mao was criticized in the party conferences. Moderate Party members like Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping rose to power, and Mao was marginalized within the party, leading him to initiate the Cultural Revolution in 1966.
Cheow Lan Lake was created by the construction of Rajjabrapha Dam in 1982, and is also known as Rajjabrapha Lake. Karst outcrops isolated from the mainland by the flooding rise from the waters of the lake to almost 1,000 m (3,000 feet) in height – that is, about three times the height of similar karst outcrops at Phang Nga Bay. Gibbons and eagles have access to these isolated peaks, but they are inaccessible to all but the most intrepid of climbers and provide a wonderful haven for rare wildlife.<br/><br/> Khao Sok National Park forms the largest and most dramatic tract of virgin forest in southern Thailand. This 160 million year old rainforest is some of the oldest in the world. The climate in the area has been relatively unaffected by past ice ages, since the landmass is relatively small and there are seas on both sides.<br/><br/> Elephants, tigers, bears, boars, tapirs gibbons and monkeys live in the park, along with more than 300 species of birds, including rare hornbills and argus pheasants. Sightings of the larger animals are usually at night, and animal tracks are regularly seen along the park’s many marked trails.<br/><br/> The park also contains a wide range of flora, including the rare Rafflesia, the largest flower in the world which can measure 80 cm (31 inches) across.
Cheow Lan Lake was created by the construction of Rajjabrapha Dam in 1982, and is also known as Rajjabrapha Lake. Karst outcrops isolated from the mainland by the flooding rise from the waters of the lake to almost 1,000 m (3,000 feet) in height – that is, about three times the height of similar karst outcrops at Phang Nga Bay. Gibbons and eagles have access to these isolated peaks, but they are inaccessible to all but the most intrepid of climbers and provide a wonderful haven for rare wildlife.<br/><br/> Khao Sok National Park forms the largest and most dramatic tract of virgin forest in southern Thailand. This 160 million year old rainforest is some of the oldest in the world. The climate in the area has been relatively unaffected by past ice ages, since the landmass is relatively small and there are seas on both sides.<br/><br/> Elephants, tigers, bears, boars, tapirs gibbons and monkeys live in the park, along with more than 300 species of birds, including rare hornbills and argus pheasants. Sightings of the larger animals are usually at night, and animal tracks are regularly seen along the park’s many marked trails.<br/><br/> The park also contains a wide range of flora, including the rare Rafflesia, the largest flower in the world which can measure 80 cm (31 inches) across.
Cheow Lan Lake was created by the construction of Rajjabrapha Dam in 1982, and is also known as Rajjabrapha Lake. Karst outcrops isolated from the mainland by the flooding rise from the waters of the lake to almost 1,000 m (3,000 feet) in height – that is, about three times the height of similar karst outcrops at Phang Nga Bay. Gibbons and eagles have access to these isolated peaks, but they are inaccessible to all but the most intrepid of climbers and provide a wonderful haven for rare wildlife.<br/><br/> Khao Sok National Park forms the largest and most dramatic tract of virgin forest in southern Thailand. This 160 million year old rainforest is some of the oldest in the world. The climate in the area has been relatively unaffected by past ice ages, since the landmass is relatively small and there are seas on both sides.<br/><br/> Elephants, tigers, bears, boars, tapirs gibbons and monkeys live in the park, along with more than 300 species of birds, including rare hornbills and argus pheasants. Sightings of the larger animals are usually at night, and animal tracks are regularly seen along the park’s many marked trails.<br/><br/> The park also contains a wide range of flora, including the rare Rafflesia, the largest flower in the world which can measure 80 cm (31 inches) across.
Cheow Lan Lake was created by the construction of Rajjabrapha Dam in 1982, and is also known as Rajjabrapha Lake. Karst outcrops isolated from the mainland by the flooding rise from the waters of the lake to almost 1,000 m (3,000 feet) in height – that is, about three times the height of similar karst outcrops at Phang Nga Bay. Gibbons and eagles have access to these isolated peaks, but they are inaccessible to all but the most intrepid of climbers and provide a wonderful haven for rare wildlife.<br/><br/> Khao Sok National Park forms the largest and most dramatic tract of virgin forest in southern Thailand. This 160 million year old rainforest is some of the oldest in the world. The climate in the area has been relatively unaffected by past ice ages, since the landmass is relatively small and there are seas on both sides.<br/><br/> Elephants, tigers, bears, boars, tapirs gibbons and monkeys live in the park, along with more than 300 species of birds, including rare hornbills and argus pheasants. Sightings of the larger animals are usually at night, and animal tracks are regularly seen along the park’s many marked trails.<br/><br/> The park also contains a wide range of flora, including the rare Rafflesia, the largest flower in the world which can measure 80 cm (31 inches) across.
Cheow Lan Lake was created by the construction of Rajjabrapha Dam in 1982, and is also known as Rajjabrapha Lake. Karst outcrops isolated from the mainland by the flooding rise from the waters of the lake to almost 1,000 m (3,000 feet) in height – that is, about three times the height of similar karst outcrops at Phang Nga Bay. Gibbons and eagles have access to these isolated peaks, but they are inaccessible to all but the most intrepid of climbers and provide a wonderful haven for rare wildlife.<br/><br/> Khao Sok National Park forms the largest and most dramatic tract of virgin forest in southern Thailand. This 160 million year old rainforest is some of the oldest in the world. The climate in the area has been relatively unaffected by past ice ages, since the landmass is relatively small and there are seas on both sides.<br/><br/> Elephants, tigers, bears, boars, tapirs gibbons and monkeys live in the park, along with more than 300 species of birds, including rare hornbills and argus pheasants. Sightings of the larger animals are usually at night, and animal tracks are regularly seen along the park’s many marked trails.<br/><br/> The park also contains a wide range of flora, including the rare Rafflesia, the largest flower in the world which can measure 80 cm (31 inches) across.
Cheow Lan Lake was created by the construction of Rajjabrapha Dam in 1982, and is also known as Rajjabrapha Lake. Karst outcrops isolated from the mainland by the flooding rise from the waters of the lake to almost 1,000 m (3,000 feet) in height – that is, about three times the height of similar karst outcrops at Phang Nga Bay. Gibbons and eagles have access to these isolated peaks, but they are inaccessible to all but the most intrepid of climbers and provide a wonderful haven for rare wildlife.<br/><br/> Khao Sok National Park forms the largest and most dramatic tract of virgin forest in southern Thailand. This 160 million year old rainforest is some of the oldest in the world. The climate in the area has been relatively unaffected by past ice ages, since the landmass is relatively small and there are seas on both sides.<br/><br/> Elephants, tigers, bears, boars, tapirs gibbons and monkeys live in the park, along with more than 300 species of birds, including rare hornbills and argus pheasants. Sightings of the larger animals are usually at night, and animal tracks are regularly seen along the park’s many marked trails.<br/><br/> The park also contains a wide range of flora, including the rare Rafflesia, the largest flower in the world which can measure 80 cm (31 inches) across.
Cheow Lan Lake was created by the construction of Rajjabrapha Dam in 1982, and is also known as Rajjabrapha Lake. Karst outcrops isolated from the mainland by the flooding rise from the waters of the lake to almost 1,000 m (3,000 feet) in height – that is, about three times the height of similar karst outcrops at Phang Nga Bay. Gibbons and eagles have access to these isolated peaks, but they are inaccessible to all but the most intrepid of climbers and provide a wonderful haven for rare wildlife.<br/><br/> Khao Sok National Park forms the largest and most dramatic tract of virgin forest in southern Thailand. This 160 million year old rainforest is some of the oldest in the world. The climate in the area has been relatively unaffected by past ice ages, since the landmass is relatively small and there are seas on both sides.<br/><br/> Elephants, tigers, bears, boars, tapirs gibbons and monkeys live in the park, along with more than 300 species of birds, including rare hornbills and argus pheasants. Sightings of the larger animals are usually at night, and animal tracks are regularly seen along the park’s many marked trails.<br/><br/> The park also contains a wide range of flora, including the rare Rafflesia, the largest flower in the world which can measure 80 cm (31 inches) across.
Cheow Lan Lake was created by the construction of Rajjabrapha Dam in 1982, and is also known as Rajjabrapha Lake. Karst outcrops isolated from the mainland by the flooding rise from the waters of the lake to almost 1,000 m (3,000 feet) in height – that is, about three times the height of similar karst outcrops at Phang Nga Bay. Gibbons and eagles have access to these isolated peaks, but they are inaccessible to all but the most intrepid of climbers and provide a wonderful haven for rare wildlife.<br/><br/> Khao Sok National Park forms the largest and most dramatic tract of virgin forest in southern Thailand. This 160 million year old rainforest is some of the oldest in the world. The climate in the area has been relatively unaffected by past ice ages, since the landmass is relatively small and there are seas on both sides.<br/><br/> Elephants, tigers, bears, boars, tapirs gibbons and monkeys live in the park, along with more than 300 species of birds, including rare hornbills and argus pheasants. Sightings of the larger animals are usually at night, and animal tracks are regularly seen along the park’s many marked trails.<br/><br/> The park also contains a wide range of flora, including the rare Rafflesia, the largest flower in the world which can measure 80 cm (31 inches) across.
Cheow Lan Lake was created by the construction of Rajjabrapha Dam in 1982, and is also known as Rajjabrapha Lake. Karst outcrops isolated from the mainland by the flooding rise from the waters of the lake to almost 1,000 m (3,000 feet) in height – that is, about three times the height of similar karst outcrops at Phang Nga Bay. Gibbons and eagles have access to these isolated peaks, but they are inaccessible to all but the most intrepid of climbers and provide a wonderful haven for rare wildlife.<br/><br/> Khao Sok National Park forms the largest and most dramatic tract of virgin forest in southern Thailand. This 160 million year old rainforest is some of the oldest in the world. The climate in the area has been relatively unaffected by past ice ages, since the landmass is relatively small and there are seas on both sides.<br/><br/> Elephants, tigers, bears, boars, tapirs gibbons and monkeys live in the park, along with more than 300 species of birds, including rare hornbills and argus pheasants. Sightings of the larger animals are usually at night, and animal tracks are regularly seen along the park’s many marked trails.<br/><br/> The park also contains a wide range of flora, including the rare Rafflesia, the largest flower in the world which can measure 80 cm (31 inches) across.
Cheow Lan Lake was created by the construction of Rajjabrapha Dam in 1982, and is also known as Rajjabrapha Lake. Karst outcrops isolated from the mainland by the flooding rise from the waters of the lake to almost 1,000 m (3,000 feet) in height – that is, about three times the height of similar karst outcrops at Phang Nga Bay. Gibbons and eagles have access to these isolated peaks, but they are inaccessible to all but the most intrepid of climbers and provide a wonderful haven for rare wildlife.<br/><br/> Khao Sok National Park forms the largest and most dramatic tract of virgin forest in southern Thailand. This 160 million year old rainforest is some of the oldest in the world. The climate in the area has been relatively unaffected by past ice ages, since the landmass is relatively small and there are seas on both sides.<br/><br/> Elephants, tigers, bears, boars, tapirs gibbons and monkeys live in the park, along with more than 300 species of birds, including rare hornbills and argus pheasants. Sightings of the larger animals are usually at night, and animal tracks are regularly seen along the park’s many marked trails.<br/><br/> The park also contains a wide range of flora, including the rare Rafflesia, the largest flower in the world which can measure 80 cm (31 inches) across.
Khao Sok National Park forms the largest and most dramatic tract of virgin forest in southern Thailand. This 160 million year old rainforest is some of the oldest in the world. The climate in the area has been relatively unaffected by past ice ages, since the landmass is relatively small and there are seas on both sides.<br/><br/> Elephants, tigers, bears, boars, tapirs gibbons and monkeys live in the park, along with more than 300 species of birds, including rare hornbills and argus pheasants. Sightings of the larger animals are usually at night, and animal tracks are regularly seen along the park’s many marked trails.<br/><br/> The park also contains a wide range of flora, including the rare Rafflesia, the largest flower in the world which can measure 80 cm (31 inches) across.<br/><br/> Khao Sok is celebrated for its karst limestone peaks. In most of the region, ground level averages 200 m (650 feet) above sea level, with the average mountain heights around twice this at 400 m (1280 feet). The tallest peak in the national park reaches 960 m (3,150 feet) in height.
Khao Sok National Park forms the largest and most dramatic tract of virgin forest in southern Thailand. This 160 million year old rainforest is some of the oldest in the world. The climate in the area has been relatively unaffected by past ice ages, since the landmass is relatively small and there are seas on both sides.<br/><br/> Elephants, tigers, bears, boars, tapirs gibbons and monkeys live in the park, along with more than 300 species of birds, including rare hornbills and argus pheasants. Sightings of the larger animals are usually at night, and animal tracks are regularly seen along the park’s many marked trails.<br/><br/> The park also contains a wide range of flora, including the rare Rafflesia, the largest flower in the world which can measure 80 cm (31 inches) across.<br/><br/> Khao Sok is celebrated for its karst limestone peaks. In most of the region, ground level averages 200 m (650 feet) above sea level, with the average mountain heights around twice this at 400 m (1280 feet). The tallest peak in the national park reaches 960 m (3,150 feet) in height.
Khao Sok National Park forms the largest and most dramatic tract of virgin forest in southern Thailand. This 160 million year old rainforest is some of the oldest in the world. The climate in the area has been relatively unaffected by past ice ages, since the landmass is relatively small and there are seas on both sides.<br/><br/> Elephants, tigers, bears, boars, tapirs gibbons and monkeys live in the park, along with more than 300 species of birds, including rare hornbills and argus pheasants. Sightings of the larger animals are usually at night, and animal tracks are regularly seen along the park’s many marked trails.<br/><br/> The park also contains a wide range of flora, including the rare Rafflesia, the largest flower in the world which can measure 80 cm (31 inches) across.<br/><br/> Khao Sok is celebrated for its karst limestone peaks. In most of the region, ground level averages 200 m (650 feet) above sea level, with the average mountain heights around twice this at 400 m (1280 feet). The tallest peak in the national park reaches 960 m (3,150 feet) in height.
Khao Sok National Park forms the largest and most dramatic tract of virgin forest in southern Thailand. This 160 million year old rainforest is some of the oldest in the world. The climate in the area has been relatively unaffected by past ice ages, since the landmass is relatively small and there are seas on both sides.<br/><br/> Elephants, tigers, bears, boars, tapirs gibbons and monkeys live in the park, along with more than 300 species of birds, including rare hornbills and argus pheasants. Sightings of the larger animals are usually at night, and animal tracks are regularly seen along the park’s many marked trails.<br/><br/> The park also contains a wide range of flora, including the rare Rafflesia, the largest flower in the world which can measure 80 cm (31 inches) across.<br/><br/> Khao Sok is celebrated for its karst limestone peaks. In most of the region, ground level averages 200 m (650 feet) above sea level, with the average mountain heights around twice this at 400 m (1280 feet). The tallest peak in the national park reaches 960 m (3,150 feet) in height.
Khao Sok National Park forms the largest and most dramatic tract of virgin forest in southern Thailand. This 160 million year old rainforest is some of the oldest in the world. The climate in the area has been relatively unaffected by past ice ages, since the landmass is relatively small and there are seas on both sides.<br/><br/> Elephants, tigers, bears, boars, tapirs gibbons and monkeys live in the park, along with more than 300 species of birds, including rare hornbills and argus pheasants. Sightings of the larger animals are usually at night, and animal tracks are regularly seen along the park’s many marked trails.<br/><br/> The park also contains a wide range of flora, including the rare Rafflesia, the largest flower in the world which can measure 80 cm (31 inches) across.<br/><br/> Khao Sok is celebrated for its karst limestone peaks. In most of the region, ground level averages 200 m (650 feet) above sea level, with the average mountain heights around twice this at 400 m (1280 feet). The tallest peak in the national park reaches 960 m (3,150 feet) in height.
Khao Sok National Park forms the largest and most dramatic tract of virgin forest in southern Thailand. This 160 million year old rainforest is some of the oldest in the world. The climate in the area has been relatively unaffected by past ice ages, since the landmass is relatively small and there are seas on both sides.<br/><br/> Elephants, tigers, bears, boars, tapirs gibbons and monkeys live in the park, along with more than 300 species of birds, including rare hornbills and argus pheasants. Sightings of the larger animals are usually at night, and animal tracks are regularly seen along the park’s many marked trails.<br/><br/> The park also contains a wide range of flora, including the rare Rafflesia, the largest flower in the world which can measure 80 cm (31 inches) across.<br/><br/> Khao Sok is celebrated for its karst limestone peaks. In most of the region, ground level averages 200 m (650 feet) above sea level, with the average mountain heights around twice this at 400 m (1280 feet). The tallest peak in the national park reaches 960 m (3,150 feet) in height.
Khao Sok National Park forms the largest and most dramatic tract of virgin forest in southern Thailand. This 160 million year old rainforest is some of the oldest in the world. The climate in the area has been relatively unaffected by past ice ages, since the landmass is relatively small and there are seas on both sides.<br/><br/> Elephants, tigers, bears, boars, tapirs gibbons and monkeys live in the park, along with more than 300 species of birds, including rare hornbills and argus pheasants. Sightings of the larger animals are usually at night, and animal tracks are regularly seen along the park’s many marked trails.<br/><br/> The park also contains a wide range of flora, including the rare Rafflesia, the largest flower in the world which can measure 80 cm (31 inches) across.<br/><br/> Khao Sok is celebrated for its karst limestone peaks. In most of the region, ground level averages 200 m (650 feet) above sea level, with the average mountain heights around twice this at 400 m (1280 feet). The tallest peak in the national park reaches 960 m (3,150 feet) in height.
Khao Sok National Park forms the largest and most dramatic tract of virgin forest in southern Thailand. This 160 million year old rainforest is some of the oldest in the world. The climate in the area has been relatively unaffected by past ice ages, since the landmass is relatively small and there are seas on both sides.<br/><br/> Elephants, tigers, bears, boars, tapirs gibbons and monkeys live in the park, along with more than 300 species of birds, including rare hornbills and argus pheasants. Sightings of the larger animals are usually at night, and animal tracks are regularly seen along the park’s many marked trails.<br/><br/> The park also contains a wide range of flora, including the rare Rafflesia, the largest flower in the world which can measure 80 cm (31 inches) across.<br/><br/> Khao Sok is celebrated for its karst limestone peaks. In most of the region, ground level averages 200 m (650 feet) above sea level, with the average mountain heights around twice this at 400 m (1280 feet). The tallest peak in the national park reaches 960 m (3,150 feet) in height.
Nichiren (February 16, 1222 – October 13, 1282) was a Buddhist monk who lived during the Kamakura period (1185–1333) in Japan. Nichiren taught devotion to the Lotus Sutra, entitled Myoho-Renge-Kyo in Japanese, as the exclusive means to attain enlightenment and the chanting of Namu-Myoho-Renge-Kyo as the essential practice of the teaching. Various schools with diverging interpretations of Nichiren's teachings comprise Nichiren Buddhism.
Socialist Realism is a style of realistic art which developed under Socialism in the Soviet Union and became a dominant style in other communist countries. Socialist Realism is a teleologically-oriented style having as its purpose the furtherance of the goals of socialism and communism.<br/><br/> Although related, it should not be confused with Social Realism, a type of art that realistically depicts subjects of social concern. Unlike Social Realism, Socialist Realism generally glorifies the ideology of the communist state.