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Edward Bangs Drew (1843 - 1924) joined the Chinese Maritime Customs Service in 1864 after earning his BA degree from Harvard. In 1868, Drew was appointed a Commissioner of the Service, a position he held for decades.<br/><br/> During that time he collected photographs that document clothing, customs, and daily life in 19th century China, and of Drew's life and career, including family and social gatherings, public appearances, and events and ceremonies.
The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941 (December 8 in Japan).<br/><br/> The attack was intended as a preventive action in order to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions the Empire of Japan was planning in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States.<br/><br/> The attack came as a profound shock to the American people and led directly to the American entry into World War II in both the Pacific and European theaters. The following day (December 8) the United States declared war on Japan. Domestic support for isolationism, which had been strong, disappeared. Clandestine support of Britain (for example the Neutrality Patrol) was replaced by active alliance. Subsequent operations by the U.S. prompted Germany and Italy to declare war on the U.S. on December 11, which was reciprocated by the U.S. the same day.<br/><br/> Despite numerous historical precedents for unannounced military action by Japan, the lack of any formal warning, particularly while negotiations were still apparently ongoing, led President Franklin D. Roosevelt to proclaim December 7, 1941, 'a date which will live in infamy'.
Dorothea Lange (May 26, 1895 – October 11, 1965) was an American documentary photographer and photojournalist, best known for her Depression-era work for the Farm Security Administration (FSA).<br/><br/> Lange's photographs humanized the consequences of the Great Depression and influenced the development of documentary photography.
Clark University is an American private university and liberal arts college in Worcester, Massachusetts. Founded in 1887, it is the oldest educational institution founded as an all-graduate university in the United States.<br/><br/> It is one of only three New England universities, along with Harvard and Yale, to be a founding member of the Association of American Universities, an organization of universities with the most prestigious profiles in research and graduate education.
The Ramakien is the Thai version of the Indian epic, the Ramayana or the 'Romance of Rama', and has an important influence on Thai literature, art and drama. It is regarded as the National Epic of Thailand.<br/><br/> Wat Phra Kaew (Temple of the Emerald Buddha); full official name Wat Phra Si Rattana Satsadaram is regarded as the most sacred Buddhist temple in Thailand. It is located within the precincts of the Grand Palace.<br/><br/> The Grand Palace served as the official residence of the Kings of Thailand from the 18th century onwards. Construction of the Palace began in 1782, during the reign of King Rama I, when he moved the capital across the river from Thonburi to Bangkok.
The 'Guizhou veterans' was the name given to the 200 - 300 Kachins who spent the years from 1950 to 1968 in Guizhou Province. They were military commanders.<br/><br/>The Communist Party of Burma (Burmese: ဗမာပြည်ကွန်မြူနစ်ပါတီ; CPB) is the oldest existing political party in Burma. The party is unrecognised by the Burmese authorities, rendering it illegal; so it operates in a clandestine manner, often associating with insurgent armies along the border of People's Republic of China. It is often referred to as the Burma Communist Party (BCP) by both the Burmese government and the foreign media.
Situated on the banks of the Tonle Sap, Mekong and Bassac rivers, Phnom Penh is an ideal location for a trading centre and capital city. It is today home to more than 2 million of Cambodia's 14 million population. Phnom Penh first became the capital of Cambodia after Ponhea Yat, the last king of the Khmer Empire, was forced to flee Angkor Thom after it was seized by the Siamese army in 1393. Phnom Penh remained the royal capital until 1505 when it was abandoned for 360 years due to internal fighting between royal pretenders. It was not until 1866, under the reign of King Norodom I, that Phnom Penh became the permanent seat of government and capital of Cambodia. Beginning in 1870, the French colonialists turned a riverside village into a city where they built hotels, schools, prisons, barracks, banks, public works offices, telegraph offices, law courts and health services.
The Great Kantō earthquake (関東大震災 Kantō daishinsai) struck the Kantō Plain on the Japanese main island of Honshū at 11:58 in the morning on Saturday, September 1, 1923. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and 10 minutes. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake later surpassed that record, at magnitude 9.0.<br/><br/> The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.9 on the Moment magnitude scale (Mw), with its focus deep beneath Izu Ōshima Island in the Sagami Bay. The cause was a rupture of part of the convergent boundary where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate along the line of the Sagami Trough.<br/><br/> This earthquake devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kantō region. The power was so great in Kamakura, over 60 km (37 mi) from the epicenter, it moved the Great Buddha statue, which weighs about 93 short tons (84,000 kg), almost two feet.<br/><br/> Estimated casualties totaled about 142,800 deaths, including about 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead. The damage from this natural disaster was the greatest sustained by prewar Japan. In 1960, the government declared September 1, the anniversary of the quake, as an annual 'Disaster Prevention Day'.<br/><br/> According to the Japanese conclusive report, 105,385 deaths were confirmed in the 1923 quake.
Shanghai (Chinese: 上 海; Pinyin Shànghǎi) is one of the largest cities by population in the People's Republic of China, and the world. The city is located in eastern China, at the middle portion of the Chinese coast, and sits at the mouth of the Yangtze River. Due to its rapid growth over the last two decades it has again become a global city, exerting influence over finance, commerce, fashion, technology and culture.<br/><br/> Once a fishing and textiles town, Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to its favourable port location and was one of the cities opened to foreign trade by the 1842 Treaty of Nanking. The city then flourished as a centre of commerce between east and west, and became a multinational hub of finance and business in the 1930s. However, with the Communist Party takeover of the mainland in 1949, the city's international influence declined.<br/><br/> In 1990, the economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense re-development of the city, aiding the return of finance and foreign investment to the city. Shanghai is now aiming to be an international shipping centre in the future, and is one of the world's major financial centres.<br/><br/> Shanghai is also a popular tourist destination renowned for its historical landmarks such as The Bund, City God Temple and Yuyuan Garden, as well as the extensive and growing Pudong skyline. It is described as the 'showpiece' of the booming economy of mainland China.<br/><br/>
Wat Yai Chai Mongkhon (Wat Chai Yai Mongkol) dates from the reign of King U Thong (Uthong) and was built around 1357.<br/><br/> U Thong or Ramathibodi I (1314–1369) was the first king of the kingdom Ayutthaya, reigning from 1351 to 1369. He was known as Prince U Thong before he ascended to the throne on March 4, 1351. A native of Chiang Saen (now in Chiang Rai Province) he claimed descent from Khun Borom and propagated Theravada Buddhism as the state religion.<br/><br/> Ayutthaya (Ayudhya) was a Siamese kingdom that existed from 1351 to 1767. Ayutthaya was friendly towards foreign traders, including the Chinese, Vietnamese (Annamese), Indians, Japanese and Persians, and later the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and French, permitting them to set up villages outside the city walls. In the sixteenth century, it was described by foreign traders as one of the biggest and wealthiest cities in the East. The court of King Narai (1656–1688) had strong links with that of King Louis XIV of France, whose ambassadors compared the city in size and wealth to Paris.
Wat Phra Sri Rattana Mahatat Woramahawihan (also referred to as Wat Yai) is famous throughout Thailand for its Buddha statue known as the Phra Buddha Chinnarat, one of Thailand's most revered Buddha images.<br/><br/> Many Thai people consider the Phra Buddha Chinnarat to be the most beautiful Buddha figure in Thailand. It depicts Buddha in the posture of overcoming Mara, also called the Gesture of Subduing Mara. A stone inscription indicated that the figure was molded over 700 years ago during the late Sukhothai era.<br/><br/> Several faithful copies of the Phra Buddha Chinnarat are displayed in other temples, including Wat Benchamabophit in Bangkok and Wat Saranat Thammaram in Rayong. Also, the Phra Buddha Chinnarat is depicted on the official seal of the Phitsanulok Province.
Wat Yai Suwannaram dates from the 17th century Ayutthaya period.
Wat Suthat Thepphawararam is a royal temple of the first grade, one of six such temples in Thailand. Construction was begun by King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (Rama I) in 1807. Further construction and decorations were carried out by King Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II) who helped carve the wooden doors, but the temple was not completed until the reign of King Jessadabodindra (Rama III) in 1847. The temple is a fine example of the Rattanakosin architectural style. It also contains the Buddha image Phra Sri Sakyamuni or "Sisakayamunee" which was moved from Sukhothai province.
Wat Suthat Thepphawararam is a royal temple of the first grade, one of six such temples in Thailand. Construction was begun by King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (Rama I) in 1807. Further construction and decorations were carried out by King Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II) who helped carve the wooden doors, but the temple was not completed until the reign of King Jessadabodindra (Rama III) in 1847. The temple is a fine example of the Rattanakosin architectural style. It also contains the Buddha image Phra Sri Sakyamuni or "Sisakayamunee" which was moved from Sukhothai province.
Wat Suthat Thepphawararam is a royal temple of the first grade, one of six such temples in Thailand. Construction was begun by King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (Rama I) in 1807. Further construction and decorations were carried out by King Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II) who helped carve the wooden doors, but the temple was not completed until the reign of King Jessadabodindra (Rama III) in 1847. The temple is a fine example of the Rattanakosin architectural style. It also contains the Buddha image Phra Sri Sakyamuni or "Sisakayamunee" which was moved from Sukhothai province.
Wat Arun Rajwararam (Temple of the Dawn), full name Wat Arunratchawararam Ratchaworamahawihan, is a Thai Buddhist temple on the Thonburi west bank side of the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok. It is named after Aruna, the Indian God of Dawn. A monastery has stood here since the Ayutthayan period (1351 - 1767), but the temple's outstanding feature, the Khmer-style central prang, was not begun until 1809, during the reign of King Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II).
Wat Arun Rajwararam (Temple of the Dawn), full name Wat Arunratchawararam Ratchaworamahawihan, is a Thai Buddhist temple on the Thonburi west bank side of the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok. It is named after Aruna, the Indian God of Dawn. A monastery has stood here since the Ayutthayan period (1351 - 1767), but the temple's outstanding feature, the Khmer-style central prang, was not begun until 1809, during the reign of King Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II).
Wat Arun Rajwararam (Temple of the Dawn), full name Wat Arunratchawararam Ratchaworamahawihan, is a Thai Buddhist temple on the Thonburi west bank side of the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok. It is named after Aruna, the Indian God of Dawn. A monastery has stood here since the Ayutthayan period (1351 - 1767), but the temple's outstanding feature, the Khmer-style central prang, was not begun until 1809, during the reign of King Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II).
A trireme (from Latin triremis, literally 'three-oarer') was a type of galley, a Hellenistic-era warship that was used by the ancient maritime civilizations of the Mediterranean, especially the Phoenicians, ancient Greeks, Persians and Romans.<br/><br/> The trireme derives its name from its three rows of oars on each side, manned with one man per oar. The early trireme was a development of the penteconter, an ancient warship with a single row of 25 oars on each side, and of the bireme, a warship with two banks of oars, probably of Phoenician origin. As a ship it was fast and agile, and became the dominant warship in the Mediterranean from the 7th to the 4th centuries BC, when they were largely superseded by the larger quadriremes and quinqueremes. Triremes played a vital role in the Persian Wars, the creation of the Athenian maritime empire, and its downfall in the Peloponnesian War.
This Assyrian ship was probably built and possibly manned by Phoenicians employed by Sennacherib, the son of Sargon II of Akkad, whom he succeeded on the throne of Assyria (705 – 681 BC).<br/><br/> It is a bireme, with two rows of oars. Shields are fastened around the superstructure, as on the fortifications of some city walls. The pointed bow is a ram, for piercing enemy shipping.
A trireme (from Latin triremis, literally 'three-oarer') was a type of galley, a Hellenistic-era warship that was used by the ancient maritime civilizations of the Mediterranean, especially the Phoenicians, ancient Greeks, Persians and Romans.<br/><br/> The trireme derives its name from its three rows of oars on each side, manned with one man per oar. The early trireme was a development of the penteconter, an ancient warship with a single row of 25 oars on each side, and of the bireme, a warship with two banks of oars, probably of Phoenician origin. As a ship it was fast and agile, and became the dominant warship in the Mediterranean from the 7th to the 4th centuries BC, when they were largely superseded by the larger quadriremes and quinqueremes. Triremes played a vital role in the Persian Wars, the creation of the Athenian maritime empire, and its downfall in the Peloponnesian War.