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The Afridi is a Karlani Pashtun tribe present in Pakistan, with substantial numbers in Afghanistan. The Afridis are most dominant in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas, inhabiting about 1,000 square miles (3,000 km²) of rough hilly area in the eastern Spin Ghar range west of Peshawar, covering most of Khyber Agency, FR Peshawar and FR Kohat.<br/><br/> The Afridis are historically known for the strategic location they inhabit, and for belligerence against outside forces; battling the Mughal dynasty's armies throughout Mughal rule. Their later clashes against British expeditions comprised the most savage fighting of the Anglo-Afghan Wars. After independence, Afridi tribesmen also helped attack Jammu and Kashmir for Pakistan during the Indo-Pakistani war of 1947. Today, Afridis make use of their dominant social position in FATA and areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by controlling transport and various businesses, including trade in arms, munitions, and other goods.
Su Wu was a Chinese diplomat and statesman of the Han Dynasty. He is known in Chinese history for making a mission to Central Asia, where he was seized and held captive by the nomads.<br/><br/> According to Chinese tradition, Su Wu endured long years of servitude herding sheep, before managing eventually to return home to China.<br/><br/>
The Second Sino-Japanese War (July 7, 1937 – September 9, 1945) was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the war merged into the greater conflict of World War II as a major front of what is broadly known as the Pacific War.<br/><br/> Although the two countries had fought intermittently since 1931, total war started in earnest in 1937 and ended only with the surrender of Japan in 1945. The war was the result of a decades-long Japanese imperialist policy aiming to dominate China politically and militarily and to secure its vast raw material reserves and other economic resources, particularly food and labour. Before 1937, China and Japan fought in small, localized engagements.<br/><br/> Yet the two sides, for a variety of reasons, refrained from fighting a total war. In 1931, the Japanese invasion of Manchuria by Japan's Kwantung Army followed the Mukden Incident. The last of these incidents was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937, marking the beginning of total war between the two countries.
The South Manchuria Railway was built as a part of the Chinese Eastern Railway in 1898-1903 by Imperial Russia according to the Russian-Chinese convention and the Convention of Peking 1860.<br/><br/> The South Manchuria Railway Company (南満州鉄道株式会社/南満洲鉄道株式会社 Minami Manshū Tetsudō Kabushiki-gaisha, or 満鉄 Mantetsu) (Chinese: 南满铁路） was a company founded in the Empire of Japan in 1906, taken over after the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), and operated within China in the Japanese-controlled South Manchuria Railway Zone. The railway itself ran from Lüshun Port at the southern tip of the Liaodong Peninsula to Harbin, where it connected to the Chinese Eastern Railway.<br/><br/> In 1945, the Soviet Union invaded and liberated the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. Rolling stock and moveable equipment was looted, and taken back to the Soviet Union, some of which was returned when the Chinese Communist government came into power. The South Manchuria Railway Company or Mantetsu was dissolved by order of the American occupation authorities in occupied Japan.
The Kunlun Mountains (simplified Chinese: 昆仑山; traditional Chinese: 崑崙山; pinyin: Kūnlún Shān) are one of the longest mountain chains in Asia, extending more than 3,000 km. In the broadest sense, it forms the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau south of the Tarim Basin and the Gansu Corridor and continues east south of the Wei River to end at the North China Plain.
Located about 7km northeast of Korla, the ancient strongpoint of Tiemenguan or 'Iron Gate' is set amid incredibly barren, harsh and crumbling mountains. It’s possible to understand the immense strategic significance of the ‘Iron Gate’ pass by climbing the 1,497 steps to the summit.<br/><br/> Here the tomb of the lovers Tzuhola and Tayir is set high above the narrow defile that once channelled the old Silk Road between two massive and impassable rocky outcrops. A small path winds by a stream, far below – nowadays all but unused, but for at least two millennia a narrow artery for men, good and camels passing between east and west.<br/><br/> Because of its strategic location controlling the Silk Road as it passed south of the Tian Shan and into the Tarim Basin, Tiemenguan was easily defended by garrison troops and almost impossible for merchants and other travellers to avoid.<br/><br/> For Uighurs the narrow pass is associated with tragedy in love. Long ago Tzuhola, a Uighur princess, fell in love with Tayir, a simple shepherd. Her father, the king, had intended the princess to marry a prince, and was greatly displeased. The two lovers fled into the mountains pursued by the king’s troops, who had orders to bring them back. They fell to their deaths near Tiemenguan and the king, who was heartbroken, ordered the building of a twin tomb so they could be together in the afterlife. A statue of the two lovers in flight on horseback has recently been erected near the tomb.
Located about 7km northeast of Korla, the ancient strongpoint of Tiemenguan or 'Iron Gate' is set amid incredibly barren, harsh and crumbling mountains. It’s possible to understand the immense strategic significance of the ‘Iron Gate’ pass by climbing the 1,497 steps to the summit.<br/><br/> Here the tomb of the lovers Tzuhola and Tayir is set high above the narrow defile that once channelled the old Silk Road between two massive and impassable rocky outcrops. A small path winds by a stream, far below – nowadays all but unused, but for at least two millennia a narrow artery for men, good and camels passing between east and west.<br/><br/> Because of its strategic location controlling the Silk Road as it passed south of the Tian Shan and into the Tarim Basin, Tiemenguan was easily defended by garrison troops and almost impossible for merchants and other travellers to avoid.<br/><br/> For Uighurs the narrow pass is associated with tragedy in love. Long ago Tzuhola, a Uighur princess, fell in love with Tayir, a simple shepherd. Her father, the king, had intended the princess to marry a prince, and was greatly displeased. The two lovers fled into the mountains pursued by the king’s troops, who had orders to bring them back. They fell to their deaths near Tiemenguan and the king, who was heartbroken, ordered the building of a twin tomb so they could be together in the afterlife. A statue of the two lovers in flight on horseback has recently been erected near the tomb.
Located about 7km northeast of Korla, the ancient strongpoint of Tiemenguan or 'Iron Gate' is set amid incredibly barren, harsh and crumbling mountains. It’s possible to understand the immense strategic significance of the ‘Iron Gate’ pass by climbing the 1,497 steps to the summit.<br/><br/> Here the tomb of the lovers Tzuhola and Tayir is set high above the narrow defile that once channelled the old Silk Road between two massive and impassable rocky outcrops. A small path winds by a stream, far below – nowadays all but unused, but for at least two millennia a narrow artery for men, good and camels passing between east and west.<br/><br/> Because of its strategic location controlling the Silk Road as it passed south of the Tian Shan and into the Tarim Basin, Tiemenguan was easily defended by garrison troops and almost impossible for merchants and other travellers to avoid.<br/><br/> For Uighurs the narrow pass is associated with tragedy in love. Long ago Tzuhola, a Uighur princess, fell in love with Tayir, a simple shepherd. Her father, the king, had intended the princess to marry a prince, and was greatly displeased. The two lovers fled into the mountains pursued by the king’s troops, who had orders to bring them back. They fell to their deaths near Tiemenguan and the king, who was heartbroken, ordered the building of a twin tomb so they could be together in the afterlife. A statue of the two lovers in flight on horseback has recently been erected near the tomb.
Located about 7km northeast of Korla, the ancient strongpoint of Tiemenguan or 'Iron Gate' is set amid incredibly barren, harsh and crumbling mountains. It’s possible to understand the immense strategic significance of the ‘Iron Gate’ pass by climbing the 1,497 steps to the summit.<br/><br/> Here the tomb of the lovers Tzuhola and Tayir is set high above the narrow defile that once channelled the old Silk Road between two massive and impassable rocky outcrops. A small path winds by a stream, far below – nowadays all but unused, but for at least two millennia a narrow artery for men, good and camels passing between east and west.<br/><br/> Because of its strategic location controlling the Silk Road as it passed south of the Tian Shan and into the Tarim Basin, Tiemenguan was easily defended by garrison troops and almost impossible for merchants and other travellers to avoid.<br/><br/> For Uighurs the narrow pass is associated with tragedy in love. Long ago Tzuhola, a Uighur princess, fell in love with Tayir, a simple shepherd. Her father, the king, had intended the princess to marry a prince, and was greatly displeased. The two lovers fled into the mountains pursued by the king’s troops, who had orders to bring them back. They fell to their deaths near Tiemenguan and the king, who was heartbroken, ordered the building of a twin tomb so they could be together in the afterlife. A statue of the two lovers in flight on horseback has recently been erected near the tomb.
Located about 7km northeast of Korla, the ancient strongpoint of Tiemenguan or 'Iron Gate' is set amid incredibly barren, harsh and crumbling mountains. It’s possible to understand the immense strategic significance of the ‘Iron Gate’ pass by climbing the 1,497 steps to the summit.<br/><br/> Here the tomb of the lovers Tzuhola and Tayir is set high above the narrow defile that once channelled the old Silk Road between two massive and impassable rocky outcrops. A small path winds by a stream, far below – nowadays all but unused, but for at least two millennia a narrow artery for men, good and camels passing between east and west.<br/><br/> Because of its strategic location controlling the Silk Road as it passed south of the Tian Shan and into the Tarim Basin, Tiemenguan was easily defended by garrison troops and almost impossible for merchants and other travellers to avoid.<br/><br/> For Uighurs the narrow pass is associated with tragedy in love. Long ago Tzuhola, a Uighur princess, fell in love with Tayir, a simple shepherd. Her father, the king, had intended the princess to marry a prince, and was greatly displeased. The two lovers fled into the mountains pursued by the king’s troops, who had orders to bring them back. They fell to their deaths near Tiemenguan and the king, who was heartbroken, ordered the building of a twin tomb so they could be together in the afterlife. A statue of the two lovers in flight on horseback has recently been erected near the tomb.
Located about 7km northeast of Korla, the ancient strongpoint of Tiemenguan or 'Iron Gate' is set amid incredibly barren, harsh and crumbling mountains. It’s possible to understand the immense strategic significance of the ‘Iron Gate’ pass by climbing the 1,497 steps to the summit.<br/><br/> Here the tomb of the lovers Tzuhola and Tayir is set high above the narrow defile that once channelled the old Silk Road between two massive and impassable rocky outcrops. A small path winds by a stream, far below – nowadays all but unused, but for at least two millennia a narrow artery for men, good and camels passing between east and west.<br/><br/> Because of its strategic location controlling the Silk Road as it passed south of the Tian Shan and into the Tarim Basin, Tiemenguan was easily defended by garrison troops and almost impossible for merchants and other travellers to avoid.<br/><br/> For Uighurs the narrow pass is associated with tragedy in love. Long ago Tzuhola, a Uighur princess, fell in love with Tayir, a simple shepherd. Her father, the king, had intended the princess to marry a prince, and was greatly displeased. The two lovers fled into the mountains pursued by the king’s troops, who had orders to bring them back. They fell to their deaths near Tiemenguan and the king, who was heartbroken, ordered the building of a twin tomb so they could be together in the afterlife. A statue of the two lovers in flight on horseback has recently been erected near the tomb.
Located about 7km northeast of Korla, the ancient strongpoint of Tiemenguan or 'Iron Gate' is set amid incredibly barren, harsh and crumbling mountains. It’s possible to understand the immense strategic significance of the ‘Iron Gate’ pass by climbing the 1,497 steps to the summit.<br/><br/> Here the tomb of the lovers Tzuhola and Tayir is set high above the narrow defile that once channelled the old Silk Road between two massive and impassable rocky outcrops. A small path winds by a stream, far below – nowadays all but unused, but for at least two millennia a narrow artery for men, good and camels passing between east and west.<br/><br/> Because of its strategic location controlling the Silk Road as it passed south of the Tian Shan and into the Tarim Basin, Tiemenguan was easily defended by garrison troops and almost impossible for merchants and other travellers to avoid.<br/><br/> For Uighurs the narrow pass is associated with tragedy in love. Long ago Tzuhola, a Uighur princess, fell in love with Tayir, a simple shepherd. Her father, the king, had intended the princess to marry a prince, and was greatly displeased. The two lovers fled into the mountains pursued by the king’s troops, who had orders to bring them back. They fell to their deaths near Tiemenguan and the king, who was heartbroken, ordered the building of a twin tomb so they could be together in the afterlife. A statue of the two lovers in flight on horseback has recently been erected near the tomb.
Located about 7km northeast of Korla, the ancient strongpoint of Tiemenguan or 'Iron Gate' is set amid incredibly barren, harsh and crumbling mountains. It’s possible to understand the immense strategic significance of the ‘Iron Gate’ pass by climbing the 1,497 steps to the summit.<br/><br/> Here the tomb of the lovers Tzuhola and Tayir is set high above the narrow defile that once channelled the old Silk Road between two massive and impassable rocky outcrops. A small path winds by a stream, far below – nowadays all but unused, but for at least two millennia a narrow artery for men, good and camels passing between east and west.<br/><br/> Because of its strategic location controlling the Silk Road as it passed south of the Tian Shan and into the Tarim Basin, Tiemenguan was easily defended by garrison troops and almost impossible for merchants and other travellers to avoid.<br/><br/> For Uighurs the narrow pass is associated with tragedy in love. Long ago Tzuhola, a Uighur princess, fell in love with Tayir, a simple shepherd. Her father, the king, had intended the princess to marry a prince, and was greatly displeased. The two lovers fled into the mountains pursued by the king’s troops, who had orders to bring them back. They fell to their deaths near Tiemenguan and the king, who was heartbroken, ordered the building of a twin tomb so they could be together in the afterlife. A statue of the two lovers in flight on horseback has recently been erected near the tomb.
Located about 7km northeast of Korla, the ancient strongpoint of Tiemenguan or 'Iron Gate' is set amid incredibly barren, harsh and crumbling mountains. It’s possible to understand the immense strategic significance of the ‘Iron Gate’ pass by climbing the 1,497 steps to the summit.<br/><br/> Here the tomb of the lovers Tzuhola and Tayir is set high above the narrow defile that once channelled the old Silk Road between two massive and impassable rocky outcrops. A small path winds by a stream, far below – nowadays all but unused, but for at least two millennia a narrow artery for men, good and camels passing between east and west.<br/><br/> Because of its strategic location controlling the Silk Road as it passed south of the Tian Shan and into the Tarim Basin, Tiemenguan was easily defended by garrison troops and almost impossible for merchants and other travellers to avoid.<br/><br/> For Uighurs the narrow pass is associated with tragedy in love. Long ago Tzuhola, a Uighur princess, fell in love with Tayir, a simple shepherd. Her father, the king, had intended the princess to marry a prince, and was greatly displeased. The two lovers fled into the mountains pursued by the king’s troops, who had orders to bring them back. They fell to their deaths near Tiemenguan and the king, who was heartbroken, ordered the building of a twin tomb so they could be together in the afterlife. A statue of the two lovers in flight on horseback has recently been erected near the tomb.
Located about 7km northeast of Korla, the ancient strongpoint of Tiemenguan or 'Iron Gate' is set amid incredibly barren, harsh and crumbling mountains. It’s possible to understand the immense strategic significance of the ‘Iron Gate’ pass by climbing the 1,497 steps to the summit.<br/><br/> Here the tomb of the lovers Tzuhola and Tayir is set high above the narrow defile that once channelled the old Silk Road between two massive and impassable rocky outcrops. A small path winds by a stream, far below – nowadays all but unused, but for at least two millennia a narrow artery for men, good and camels passing between east and west.<br/><br/> Because of its strategic location controlling the Silk Road as it passed south of the Tian Shan and into the Tarim Basin, Tiemenguan was easily defended by garrison troops and almost impossible for merchants and other travellers to avoid.<br/><br/> For Uighurs the narrow pass is associated with tragedy in love. Long ago Tzuhola, a Uighur princess, fell in love with Tayir, a simple shepherd. Her father, the king, had intended the princess to marry a prince, and was greatly displeased. The two lovers fled into the mountains pursued by the king’s troops, who had orders to bring them back. They fell to their deaths near Tiemenguan and the king, who was heartbroken, ordered the building of a twin tomb so they could be together in the afterlife. A statue of the two lovers in flight on horseback has recently been erected near the tomb.
Located about 7km northeast of Korla, the ancient strongpoint of Tiemenguan or 'Iron Gate' is set amid incredibly barren, harsh and crumbling mountains. It’s possible to understand the immense strategic significance of the ‘Iron Gate’ pass by climbing the 1,497 steps to the summit.<br/><br/> Here the tomb of the lovers Tzuhola and Tayir is set high above the narrow defile that once channelled the old Silk Road between two massive and impassable rocky outcrops. A small path winds by a stream, far below – nowadays all but unused, but for at least two millennia a narrow artery for men, good and camels passing between east and west.<br/><br/> Because of its strategic location controlling the Silk Road as it passed south of the Tian Shan and into the Tarim Basin, Tiemenguan was easily defended by garrison troops and almost impossible for merchants and other travellers to avoid.<br/><br/> For Uighurs the narrow pass is associated with tragedy in love. Long ago Tzuhola, a Uighur princess, fell in love with Tayir, a simple shepherd. Her father, the king, had intended the princess to marry a prince, and was greatly displeased. The two lovers fled into the mountains pursued by the king’s troops, who had orders to bring them back. They fell to their deaths near Tiemenguan and the king, who was heartbroken, ordered the building of a twin tomb so they could be together in the afterlife. A statue of the two lovers in flight on horseback has recently been erected near the tomb.
Located about 7km northeast of Korla, the ancient strongpoint of Tiemenguan or 'Iron Gate' is set amid incredibly barren, harsh and crumbling mountains. It’s possible to understand the immense strategic significance of the ‘Iron Gate’ pass by climbing the 1,497 steps to the summit.<br/><br/> Here the tomb of the lovers Tzuhola and Tayir is set high above the narrow defile that once channelled the old Silk Road between two massive and impassable rocky outcrops. A small path winds by a stream, far below – nowadays all but unused, but for at least two millennia a narrow artery for men, good and camels passing between east and west.<br/><br/> Because of its strategic location controlling the Silk Road as it passed south of the Tian Shan and into the Tarim Basin, Tiemenguan was easily defended by garrison troops and almost impossible for merchants and other travellers to avoid.<br/><br/> For Uighurs the narrow pass is associated with tragedy in love. Long ago Tzuhola, a Uighur princess, fell in love with Tayir, a simple shepherd. Her father, the king, had intended the princess to marry a prince, and was greatly displeased. The two lovers fled into the mountains pursued by the king’s troops, who had orders to bring them back. They fell to their deaths near Tiemenguan and the king, who was heartbroken, ordered the building of a twin tomb so they could be together in the afterlife. A statue of the two lovers in flight on horseback has recently been erected near the tomb.
Located about 7km northeast of Korla, the ancient strongpoint of Tiemenguan or 'Iron Gate' is set amid incredibly barren, harsh and crumbling mountains. It’s possible to understand the immense strategic significance of the ‘Iron Gate’ pass by climbing the 1,497 steps to the summit.<br/><br/> Here the tomb of the lovers Tzuhola and Tayir is set high above the narrow defile that once channelled the old Silk Road between two massive and impassable rocky outcrops. A small path winds by a stream, far below – nowadays all but unused, but for at least two millennia a narrow artery for men, good and camels passing between east and west.<br/><br/> Because of its strategic location controlling the Silk Road as it passed south of the Tian Shan and into the Tarim Basin, Tiemenguan was easily defended by garrison troops and almost impossible for merchants and other travellers to avoid.<br/><br/> For Uighurs the narrow pass is associated with tragedy in love. Long ago Tzuhola, a Uighur princess, fell in love with Tayir, a simple shepherd. Her father, the king, had intended the princess to marry a prince, and was greatly displeased. The two lovers fled into the mountains pursued by the king’s troops, who had orders to bring them back. They fell to their deaths near Tiemenguan and the king, who was heartbroken, ordered the building of a twin tomb so they could be together in the afterlife. A statue of the two lovers in flight on horseback has recently been erected near the tomb.
Cyrus II of Persia (Old Persian: Kuruš (c. 600 BC or 576 BC–530 BCE), commonly known as Cyrus the Great, also known as Cyrus the Elder, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire.<br/><br/> Under his rule, the empire embraced all the previous civilized states of the ancient Near East, expanded vastly and eventually conquered most of Southwest Asia and much of Central Asia and the Caucasus. From the Mediterranean sea and Hellespont in the west to the Indus River in the east, Cyrus the Great created the largest empire the world had yet seen.<br/><br/> His regal titles in full were The Great King, King of Persia, King of Anshan, King of Media, King of Babylon, King of Sumer and Akkad, King of the four corners of the World. He also pronounced what some consider to be one of the first historically important declarations of human rights via the Cyrus Cylinder sometime between 539 and 530 BCE, although this has been disputed by some scholars.
Palestine (Arabic: فلسطين‎ Filasṭīn, Falasṭīn, Filisṭīn; Greek: Παλαιστίνη, Palaistinē; Latin: Palaestina; Hebrew: פלשתינה Palestina) is a name given to the geographic region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. The region is also known as the Land of Israel (Hebrew: ארץ־ישראל Eretz-Yisra'el), the Holy Land and the Southern Levant.<br/><br/> In 1832 Palestine was conquered by Muhammad Ali's Egypt, but in 1840 Britain intervened and returned control of the Levant to the Ottomans in return for further capitulations. The end of the 19th century saw the beginning of Zionist immigration and the Revival of the Hebrew language. The movement was publicly supported by Great Britain during World War I with the Balfour Declaration of 1917. The British captured Jerusalem a month later, and were formally awarded a mandate in 1922.<br/><br/> In 1947, following World War II and the Holocaust, the British Government announced their desire to terminate the Mandate, and the United Nations General Assembly voted to partition the territory into a Jewish state and an Arab state. The Jewish leadership accepted the proposal but the Arab Higher Committee rejected it; a civil war began immediately, and the State of Israel was declared in 1948.<br/><br/> The 1948 Palestinian exodus, known in Arabic as the Nakba (Arabic: النكبة‎, an-Nakbah, 'The Catastrophe') occurred when approximately 711,000 to 725,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from their homes, during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War during which Israel captured and incorporated a further 26% of Palestinian territory.<br/><br/> In the course of the Six Day War in June 1967, Israel captured the remainder of historic Palestine and began a continuing policy of Israeli settlement and annexation.
Palestine (Arabic: فلسطين‎ Filasṭīn, Falasṭīn, Filisṭīn; Greek: Παλαιστίνη, Palaistinē; Latin: Palaestina; Hebrew: פלשתינה Palestina) is a name given to the geographic region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. The region is also known as the Land of Israel (Hebrew: ארץ־ישראל Eretz-Yisra'el), the Holy Land and the Southern Levant.<br/><br/> In 1832 Palestine was conquered by Muhammad Ali's Egypt, but in 1840 Britain intervened and returned control of the Levant to the Ottomans in return for further capitulations. The end of the 19th century saw the beginning of Zionist immigration and the Revival of the Hebrew language. The movement was publicly supported by Great Britain during World War I with the Balfour Declaration of 1917. The British captured Jerusalem a month later, and were formally awarded a mandate in 1922.<br/><br/> In 1947, following World War II and the Holocaust, the British Government announced their desire to terminate the Mandate, and the United Nations General Assembly voted to partition the territory into a Jewish state and an Arab state. The Jewish leadership accepted the proposal but the Arab Higher Committee rejected it; a civil war began immediately, and the State of Israel was declared in 1948.<br/><br/> The 1948 Palestinian exodus, known in Arabic as the Nakba (Arabic: النكبة‎, an-Nakbah, 'The Catastrophe') occurred when approximately 711,000 to 725,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from their homes, during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War during which Israel captured and incorporated a further 26% of Palestinian territory.<br/><br/> In the course of the Six Day War in June 1967, Israel captured the remainder of historic Palestine and began a continuing policy of Israeli settlement and annexation.
Palestine (Arabic: فلسطين‎ Filasṭīn, Falasṭīn, Filisṭīn; Greek: Παλαιστίνη, Palaistinē; Latin: Palaestina; Hebrew: פלשתינה Palestina) is a name given to the geographic region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. The region is also known as the Land of Israel (Hebrew: ארץ־ישראל Eretz-Yisra'el), the Holy Land and the Southern Levant.<br/><br/> In 1832 Palestine was conquered by Muhammad Ali's Egypt, but in 1840 Britain intervened and returned control of the Levant to the Ottomans in return for further capitulations. The end of the 19th century saw the beginning of Zionist immigration and the Revival of the Hebrew language. The movement was publicly supported by Great Britain during World War I with the Balfour Declaration of 1917. The British captured Jerusalem a month later, and were formally awarded a mandate in 1922.<br/><br/> In 1947, following World War II and the Holocaust, the British Government announced their desire to terminate the Mandate, and the United Nations General Assembly voted to partition the territory into a Jewish state and an Arab state. The Jewish leadership accepted the proposal but the Arab Higher Committee rejected it; a civil war began immediately, and the State of Israel was declared in 1948.<br/><br/> The 1948 Palestinian exodus, known in Arabic as the Nakba (Arabic: النكبة‎, an-Nakbah, 'The Catastrophe') occurred when approximately 711,000 to 725,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from their homes, during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War during which Israel captured and incorporated a further 26% of Palestinian territory.<br/><br/> In the course of the Six Day War in June 1967, Israel captured the remainder of historic Palestine and began a continuing policy of Israeli settlement and annexation.
International attention to Shanghai grew in the 19th century due to its economic and trade potential at the Yangtze River. During the First Opium War (1839–1842), British forces temporarily held the city. The war ended with the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing, opening Shanghai and other ports to international trade. In 1863, the British settlement, located to the south of Suzhou creek (Huangpu district), and the American settlement, to the north of Suzhou creek (Hongkou district), joined in order to form the International Settlement.<br/><br/>The French opted out of the Shanghai Municipal Council, and maintained its own French Concession. Citizens of many countries and all continents came to Shanghai to live and work during the ensuing decades; those who stayed for long periods called themselves 'Shanghailanders'. In the 1920s and 30s, some 20,000 so-called White Russians and Russian Jews fled the newly established Soviet Union and took up residence in Shanghai. By 1932, Shanghai had become the world's fifth largest city and home to 70,000 foreigners.
The Dura-Europos church (also known as the Dura-Europos house church) is the earliest identified Christian house church. It is located in Dura-Europos in Syria and dates from 235 CE. The building consists of a house conjoined to a separate hall-like room, which functioned as the meeting room for the church. The surviving frescoes of the baptistry room are probably the most ancient Christian paintings.<br/><br/> Murals include the 'Good Shepherd' the 'Healing of the paralytic' and 'Christ and Peter walking on water'. These are considered the earliest depictions of Jesus Christ. There were also frescoes of Adam and Eve as well as David and Goliath. The frescoes clearly followed the Hellenistic Jewish iconographic tradition, but they are more crudely done than the paintings of the nearby Dura-Europos synagogue.