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In this famous scene from the New Testament of the Christian Bible, Jesus Christ is crucified.<br/><br/> He is nailed to a cross inscribed with the initials ‘INRI’—Iesus Nazerenus, Rex Iudaeorum’, meaning ‘Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews’—signifying the Romans’ ridicule of Him.<br/><br/> Angels fly nearby, collecting Jesus’ blood in their goblets. At the foot of the cross, richly dressed and with a halo around her flowing golden hair, Mary Magdalene prays. She has brought a jar of ointment for Christ’s wounds. Behind her, the Virgin Mary, Christs’ mother, is comforted by the Apostle John. On the right, St. Veronica holds up the cloth she used to wipe the face of Jesus as he walked up to Calvary up the road to Golgotha. An imprint of his face remains. This is the famed Shroud of Turin. Other biblical scenes, such as Gethsemane, are portrayed in the background. In the distance stands Jerusalem.
Charlemagne (c. 742 – January 28, 814), also known as Charles the Great (Latin: Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus) or Charles I, was the founder of the Carolingian Empire, reigning from 768 until his death. He expanded the Frankish kingdom, adding Italy, subduing the Saxons and Bavarians, and pushed his frontier into Spain. The oldest son of Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, Charlemagne was the first Emperor in Western Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire four centuries earlier.<br/><br/> Tyrian purple (Greek, πορφύρα, porphyra, Latin: purpura), also known as royal purple, imperial purple or imperial dye, is a purple-red natural dye, which is a secretion produced by certain species of predatory sea snails in the family Muricidae, a type of rock snail by the name Murex. This dye was probably first used by the ancient Phoenicians. The dye was greatly prized in antiquity because the color did not easily fade, but instead became brighter with weathering and sunlight.<br/><br/> Tyrian purple was expensive: the 4th-century-BC historian Theopompus reported, 'Purple for dyes fetched its weight in silver at Colophon' in Asia Minor. The expense meant that purple-dyed textiles became status symbols, and early sumptuary laws restricted their uses. The production of Tyrian purple was tightly controlled in Byzantium and was subsidized by the imperial court, which restricted its use for the colouring of imperial silks, so that a child born to a reigning emperor was styled 'porphyrogenitos' or 'born in the purple'.