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Johann Adam Schall von Bell, Chinese name Tang Ruowang (May 1, 1592 – August 15, 1666) was a German Jesuit and astronomer. He spent most of his life as a missionary in China and became an adviser to the Shunzhi Emperor of the Qing dynasty.
The future Empress Xiao Kang Zhang was born into the Han Chinese Tong clan. Although her family was of Jurchen (Manchu) origin, it had lived amongst the Han Chinese for many generations. When Lady Tong entered the imperial court of the Shunzhi Emperor, she was given the title 'Imperial Consort Tong'. She was elevated to the rank of 'Noble Consort' in 1654 when she bore the Emperor a male heir, Prince Xuanye (the later Kangxi Emperor).<br/><br/> When the Shunzhi Emperor died in 1661 and Xuanye was chosen to succeed to the imperial throne as the Kangxi Emperor, the Noble Consort Tong was given the title of 'Dowager Empress Cihe' as the new Emperor's mother. She died of an unknown illness on 20 March 1663 inside the Imperial Palace, at the age of 23. Although she had never been Empress during the reign of her husband, the Shunzhi Emperor, she was given the posthumous title of Empress Xiao Kang Zhang, by which she is still commonly known today.
Empress Xiao Hui Zhang was of the Mongol Borjigit clan. When in 1653 Shunzhi's first Empress was demoted she was promoted to Consort. One year later she became officially Shunzhi's second Empress. When the Kangxi Emperor ascended the throne, Hui Zhang was made Dowager Empress, although she was not the biological mother of the new emperor. Empress Hui Zhang died in 1717 in the Imperial Palace, aged 76.
The future Empress Xiao Kang Zhang was born into the Han Chinese Tong clan. Although her family was of Jurchen (Manchu) origin, it had lived amongst the Han Chinese for many generations. When Lady Tong entered the imperial court of the Shunzhi Emperor, she was given the title 'Imperial Consort Tong'. She was elevated to the rank of 'Noble Consort' in 1654 when she bore the Emperor a male heir, Prince Xuanye (the later Kangxi Emperor).<br/><br/> When the Shunzhi Emperor died in 1661 and Xuanye was chosen to succeed to the imperial throne as the Kangxi Emperor, the Noble Consort Tong was given the title of 'Dowager Empress Cihe' as the new Emperor's mother. She died of an unknown illness on 20 March 1663 inside the Imperial Palace, at the age of 23. Although she had never been Empress during the reign of her husband, the Shunzhi Emperor, she was given the posthumous title of Empress Xiao Kang Zhang, by which she is still commonly known today.
Empress Xiao Hui Zhang was of the Mongol Borjigit clan. When in 1653 Shunzhi's first Empress was demoted she was promoted to Consort. One year later she became officially Shunzhi's second Empress. When the Kangxi Emperor ascended the throne, Hui Zhang was made Dowager Empress, although she was not the biological mother of the new emperor. Empress Hui Zhang died in 1717 in the Imperial Palace, aged 76.
Empress Xiao Hui Zhang was of the Mongol Borjigit clan. When in 1653 Shunzhi's first Empress was demoted she was promoted to Consort. One year later she became officially Shunzhi's second Empress. When the Kangxi Emperor ascended the throne, Hui Zhang was made Dowager Empress, although she was not the biological mother of the new emperor. Empress Hui Zhang died in 1717 in the Imperial Palace, aged 76.
Empress Xiao Hui Zhang was of the Mongol Borjigit clan. When in 1653 Shunzhi's first Empress was demoted she was promoted to Consort. One year later she became officially Shunzhi's second Empress. When the Kangxi Emperor ascended the throne, Hui Zhang was made Dowager Empress, although she was not the biological mother of the new emperor. Empress Hui Zhang died in 1717 in the Imperial Palace, aged 76.
The Shunzhi Emperor (15 March 1638–5 February 1661) was the third emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and officially the first Qing emperor to rule over China from 1644 to 1661. He ascended to the throne at the age of five (six according to traditional Chinese age reckoning) in 1643 upon the death of his father Hong Taiji, but actual power during the early part of his reign lay in the hands of the appointed regents, Princes Dorgon (posthumously titled Emperor Chengzong) and Jirgalang. With the Qing pacification of the former Ming provinces almost complete, he died still a young man, in circumstances that have lent themselves to rumour and speculation. He was succeeded by his son Xuanye, who reigned as the Kangxi emperor.
The Shunzhi Emperor (15 March 1638–5 February 1661) was the third emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and officially the first Qing emperor to rule over China from 1644 to 1661. He ascended to the throne at the age of five (six according to traditional Chinese age reckoning) in 1643 upon the death of his father Hong Taiji, but actual power during the early part of his reign lay in the hands of the appointed regents, Princes Dorgon (posthumously titled Emperor Chengzong) and Jirgalang. With the Qing pacification of the former Ming provinces almost complete, he died still a young man, in circumstances that have lent themselves to rumour and speculation. He was succeeded by his son Xuanye, who reigned as the Kangxi emperor.
The Shunzhi Emperor (15 March 1638–5 February 1661) was the second emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and officially the first Qing emperor to rule over China from 1644 to 1661. He ascended to the throne at the age of five (six according to traditional Chinese age reckoning) in 1643 upon the death of his father Hong Taiji, but actual power during the early part of his reign lay in the hands of the appointed regents, Princes Dorgon (posthumously titled Emperor Chengzong) and Jirgalang. With the Qing pacification of the former Ming provinces almost complete, he died still a young man, in circumstances that have lent themselves to rumour and speculation. He was succeeded by his son Xuanye, who reigned as the Kangxi emperor.
The Shunzhi Emperor (15 March 1638–5 February 1661) was the third emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and officially the first Qing emperor to rule over China from 1644 to 1661. He ascended to the throne at the age of five (six according to traditional Chinese age reckoning) in 1643 upon the death of his father Hong Taiji, but actual power during the early part of his reign lay in the hands of the appointed regents, Princes Dorgon (posthumously titled Emperor Chengzong) and Jirgalang. With the Qing pacification of the former Ming provinces almost complete, he died still a young man, in circumstances that have lent themselves to rumour and speculation. He was succeeded by his son Xuanye, who reigned as the Kangxi emperor.
Empress Xiao Hui Zhang was of the Mongol Borjigit clan. When in 1653 Shunzhi's first Empress was demoted she was promoted to Consort. One year later she became officially Shunzhi's second Empress. When the Kangxi Emperor ascended the throne, Hui Zhang was made Dowager Empress, although she was not the biological mother of the new emperor. Empress Hui Zhang died in 1717 in the Imperial Palace, aged 76.