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George Habash (Arabic: جورج حبش‎) also known by his nickname 'al-Hakim' (Arabic:الحكيم — the wise one or the doctor) (2 August 1926 – 26 January 2008) was a Marxist and Palestinian Christian who founded the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine.<br/><br/> Habash served as Secretary-General of the Palestine Front until 2000, when ill health forced him to resign.
Shaker Wahib al-Fahdawi al-Dulaimi (1986 – May 6, 2016), better known as Abu Waheeb ('Father of the Generous'), was a leader of the militant group Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant in Anbar, Iraq.<br/><br/> He was known for the execution of three Syrian Alawite truck drivers in Iraq in the summer of 2013, as head of the Al Anbar Lions. He and three others were killed in a United States-led coalition airstrike in May 2016, according to the US Department of Defense.
Mohammed Yasser Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa (24 August 1929 – 11 November 2004), popularly known as Yasser Arafat, was a paramount Palestinian leader.<br/><br/> He was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), and leader of the Fatah political party and former paramilitary group, which he founded in 1959.
Akhundzada, an ethnic Pashtun of the Noorzai clan, is a religious scholar, reportedly the issuer of the majority of the Taliban's fatwas, and was the head of the Taliban's Islamic courts.<br/><br/> Unlike many Taliban leaders, Akhundzada is believed to have remained in the country during the War in Afghanistan. He became the leader of the militant group in May 2016 following the death of the previous leader Akhtar Mansour in a drone strike. The Taliban also bestowed upon Akhundzada the title Emir-al-Momineen (Commander of the Faithful) that his two predecessors had carried.
Avraham Stern or Avraham Shtern, alias Yair (born in Suwalki, Poland, December 23, 1907 – February 12, 1942) was one of the leaders of the Jewish paramilitary organization Irgun.<br/><br/> In September 1940, he founded a breakaway militant Zionist group named Lehi, better known as the 'Stern Gang' by the British authorities and by the mainstream in the Yishuv Jewish establishment.<br/><br/> In January 1941, Stern attempted to make an agreement with the German Nazi authorities, offering to 'actively take part in the war on Germany's side' in return for German support for Jewish immigration to Palestine and the establishment of a Jewish state. Another attempt to contact the Germans was made in late 1941, but there is no record of a German response in either case.<br/><br/> Stern was shot dead while reportedly attempting to escape British custody in Tel Aviv, 12 February 1942
Tarkhan Tayumurazovich Batirashvili, known by his nom de guerre Abu Omar al-Shishani ('Abu Omar the Chechen'), was a Georgian Kist (Chechen) jihadist who served as a commander for the Islamic State in Syria, and previously as a sergeant in the Georgian Army.<br/><br/> In 2013, Batirashvili joined the Islamic State and rapidly became a senior commander in the organization, directing a series of battles and ultimately earning a seat on ISIL's shura council.<br/><br/> The US Treasury Department added Batirashvili to its list of Specially Designated Global Terrorists on 24 September 2014, and seven months later the US government announced a reward up to US$5 million for information leading to his capture. Batirashvili was killed in July 2016 during fighting in the Iraqi city of Shirqat, south of Mosul, Iraq.
Avraham Stern or Avraham Shtern, alias Yair (born in Suwalki, PolandDecember 23, 1907 – February 12, 1942) was one of the leaders of the Jewish paramilitary organization Irgun.<br/><br/> In September 1940, he founded a breakaway militant Zionist group named Lehi a Hebrew acronym for Lohamei Herut Israel, meaning 'Fighters for the Freedom of Israel', in September 1940. Lehi was better known as the 'Stern Gang' by the British authorities and by the mainstream in the Yishuv Jewish establishment.
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi is the leader of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), an Islamic Salafi Jihadist movement in western Iraq, the Egyptian Sinai, Libya, northeast Nigeria and Syria, self-styled as the 'Islamic State' (ad-Dawlah al-Islamiyah).<br/><br/> On 4 October 2011, the U.S. State Department listed al-Baghdadi as a 'Specially Designated Global Terrorist', and announced a reward of up to US$10 million for information leading to his capture or death.
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi is the leader of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), an Islamic Salafi Jihadist movement in western Iraq, the Egyptian Sinai, Libya, northeast Nigeria and Syria, self-styled as the 'Islamic State' (ad-Dawlah al-Islamiyah).<br/><br/> On 4 October 2011, the U.S. State Department listed al-Baghdadi as a 'Specially Designated Global Terrorist', and announced a reward of up to US$10 million for information leading to his capture or death.
Shaker Wahib al-Fahdawi al-Dulaimi (1986 – May 6, 2016), better known as Abu Waheeb ('Father of the Generous'), was a leader of the militant group Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant in Anbar, Iraq.<br/><br/> He was known for the execution of three Syrian Alawite truck drivers in Iraq in the summer of 2013, as head of the Al Anbar Lions. He and three others were killed in a United States-led coalition airstrike in May 2016, according to the US Department of Defense.
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi is the leader of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), an Islamic Salafi Jihadist movement in western Iraq, the Egyptian Sinai, Libya, northeast Nigeria and Syria, self-styled as the 'Islamic State' (ad-Dawlah al-Islamiyah).<br/><br/> On 4 October 2011, the U.S. State Department listed al-Baghdadi as a 'Specially Designated Global Terrorist', and announced a reward of up to US$10 million for information leading to his capture or death.
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi is the leader of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), an Islamic Salafi Jihadist movement in western Iraq, the Egyptian Sinai, Libya, northeast Nigeria and Syria, self-styled as the 'Islamic State' (ad-Dawlah al-Islamiyah).<br/><br/> On 4 October 2011, the U.S. State Department listed al-Baghdadi as a 'Specially Designated Global Terrorist', and announced a reward of up to US$10 million for information leading to his capture or death.
Menachem Begin (16 August 1913 – 9 March 1992) was an Israeli politician, founder of Likud and the sixth Prime Minister of the State of Israel. Before the creation of the state of Israel, he was the leader of the Zionist militant group Irgun, the Revisionist breakaway from the larger Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah. He proclaimed a revolt, on 1 February 1944, against the British mandatory government, which was opposed by the Jewish Agency. As head of the Irgun, he targeted the British in Palestine. During his leadership Irgun targeted Palestinian civilians in the Deir Yassin massacre.<br/><br/> Begin was elected to the first Knesset, as head of Herut, the party he founded, and was at first on the political fringe, embodying the opposition to the Mapai-led government and Israeli establishment. He remained in opposition in the eight consecutive elections (except for a national unity government around the Six-Day War), but became more acceptable to the political center. His 1977 electoral victory and premiership ended three decades of Labor Party political dominance.<br/><br/> Begin’s most significant achievement as Prime Minister was the signing of a peace treaty with Egypt in 1979, for which he and Anwar Sadat shared the Nobel Prize for Peace. In the wake of the Camp David Accords, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula, which was captured from Egypt in the Six-Day War.
Mohammed Emwazi (born Muhammad Jassim Abdulkarim Olayan al-Dhafiri, 17 August 1988 – 12 November 2015) was a British Arab alleged to be the person seen in several videos produced by the Islamic extremist group ISIL showing the beheadings of a number of captives in 2014 and 2015. A group of his hostages nicknamed him 'John' since he was part of a four-person terrorist cell with London accents whom they called 'The Beatles'; the press later began calling him 'Jihadi John'. On 12 November 2015, US officials reported that Emwazi had been hit by a drone strike in Al-Raqqah, Syria. His death was confirmed by ISIL in January 2016.
Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden (March 10, 1957 – May 2, 2011) was the founder of al-Qaeda, the jihadist organization responsible for the September 11 attacks on the United States and numerous other mass-casualty attacks against civilian and military targets. He was a member of the wealthy Saudi bin Laden family, and an ethnic Yemeni.<br/><br/> On May 2, 2011, bin Laden was shot and killed inside a private residential compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, by U.S. Navy SEALs and CIA operatives in a covert operation ordered by U.S. President Barack Obama. Shortly after his death, bin Laden's body was buried at sea. Al-Qaeda acknowledged his death on May 6, 2011.<br/><br/> Ayman Mohammed Rabie al-ZawahiriÄ« (June 19, 1951 - July 31, 2022), was an Egyptian and former leader of al-Qaeda. He was killed in a US drone strike on his apartment in Kabul, Afghanistan on July 31, 2022.
Yitzhak Shamir (born Yitzhak Yezernitsky; October 22, 1915 – June 30, 2012) was an Israeli politician and the seventh Prime Minister of Israel, serving two terms, 1983–84 and 1986–1992. Before the establishment of the State of Israel, Shamir was a leader of the Zionist terrorist group Lehi (the Stern Gang).<br/><br/> As a leader of the Stern Gang, Shamir both authorised and helped organise the assassination of the United Nations Mediator in Palestine Swedish Count Folke Bernadotte in September, 1948.<br/><br/> After the establishment of the State of Israel he served in the Mossad between 1955 and 1965, a Knesset Member, a Knesset Speaker and a Foreign Affairs Minister. Shamir was the country's third longest-serving prime minister after David Ben-Gurion and Benjamin Netanyahu.
Menachem Begin (16 August 1913 – 9 March 1992) was an Israeli politician, founder of Likud and the sixth Prime Minister of the State of Israel. Before the creation of the state of Israel, he was the leader of the Zionist militant group Irgun, the Revisionist breakaway from the larger Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah. He proclaimed a revolt, on 1 February 1944, against the British mandatory government, which was opposed by the Jewish Agency. As head of the Irgun, he targeted the British in Palestine. During his leadership Irgun targeted Palestinian civilians in the Deir Yassin massacre.<br/><br/> Begin was elected to the first Knesset, as head of Herut, the party he founded, and was at first on the political fringe, embodying the opposition to the Mapai-led government and Israeli establishment. He remained in opposition in the eight consecutive elections (except for a national unity government around the Six-Day War), but became more acceptable to the political center. His 1977 electoral victory and premiership ended three decades of Labor Party political dominance.<br/><br/> Yitzhak Shamir (born Yitzhak Yezernitsky; October 22, 1915 – June 30, 2012) was an Israeli politician and the seventh Prime Minister of Israel, serving two terms, 1983–84 and 1986–1992. Before the establishment of the State of Israel, Shamir was a leader of the Zionist terrorist group Lehi (the Stern Gang). After the establishment of the State of Israel he served in the Mossad between 1955 and 1965, a Knesset Member, a Knesset Speaker and a Foreign Affairs Minister. Shamir was the country's third longest-serving prime minister after David Ben-Gurion and Benjamin Netanyahu.
Velupillai Prabhakaran ( November 26, 1954 – May 19, 2009 was the founder and leader of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (the LTTE or the Tamil Tigers), a militant organization that sought to create an independent Tamil state in the north and east of Sri Lanka. For over 25 years, the LTTE waged a violent secessionist campaign in Sri Lanka that led to it being designated a terrorist organization by 32 countries. Prabhakaran was wanted by Interpol for terrorism, murder, organized crime and terrorism conspiracy. On May 18, 2009, the Sri Lankan Government announced that Prabhakaran had been killed while trying to escape advancing Sri Lanka Army troops in the north of the country; a week later Tamil Tiger spokesman Selvarasa Pathmanathan, admitted that Prabhakaran had died on May 17, 2009.
The Sri Lankan Civil War began on July 23, 1983, and quickly developed into an on-and-off insurgency against the Colombo government by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), commonly known as the Tamil Tigers, and other few rebel groups, which were fighting to create an independent Tamil state named Tamil Eelam in the north and the east of the island. After a 26-year military campaign, the Sri Lankan military defeated the Tamil Tigers in May 2009.
The Sri Lankan Civil War began on July 23, 1983, and quickly developed into an on-and-off insurgency against the Colombo government by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), commonly known as the Tamil Tigers, and other few rebel groups, which were fighting to create an independent Tamil state named Tamil Eelam in the north and the east of the island. After a 26-year military campaign, the Sri Lankan military defeated the Tamil Tigers in May 2009.
The Sri Lankan Civil War began on July 23, 1983, and quickly developed into an on-and-off insurgency against the Colombo government by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), commonly known as the Tamil Tigers, and other few rebel groups, which were fighting to create an independent Tamil state named Tamil Eelam in the north and the east of the island. After a 26-year military campaign, the Sri Lankan military defeated the Tamil Tigers in May 2009.
Shanmugalingam Sivashankar, aka Pottu Amman, joined LTTE in 1981 along with Colonel Soosai, and became second in LTTE's military wing after leader Velupillai Prabhakaran. Pottu Amman was trained at a coastal camp in Vedaranyam in Tamil Nadu. He was responsible for training Black Tigers for suicide missions, most notably when former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi was killed in 1989. Another attack was against president Ranasinghe Premadasa who was killed when a Black Tiger blew himself up also killing 23 bystanders on May Day 1993. Pottu Amman is also believed to have been in charge of planning the LTTE's covert operations and was the brain behind most of the LTTE's successful military operations. He may have been killed by the Sri Lankan Army at Vellamullivaikkal on May 18, 2009, but his body has never been identified. LTTE image.
East Turkistan independence poster showing the blue-and-white separatist flag with a red explosion in the shape of a nuclear cloud with the five yellow stars of the People's Republic of China superimposed.<br/><br/> China used the Lop Nur region of the Taklamakan desert as a nuclear testing site from 1964-1996, during which time 45 nuclear tests were conducted.
East Turkistan independence poster showing the blue-and-white separatist flag with a profile of the Ughur separatist leader Rebiya Kadeer superimposed.<br/><br/> Rebiya Kadeer (born 15 July 1948) is a prominent Uyghur businesswoman and political activist from the northwest region of Xinjiang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China (PRC). She has been the president of the World Uyghur Congress since November 2006.<br/><br/> Kadeer has been active in defending the rights of the largely Muslim Uyghur minority, who she says has been subject to systematic oppression by the Chinese government. Kadeer is currently living in exile in the United States.
The Sri Lankan Civil War began on July 23, 1983, and quickly developed into an on-and-off insurgency against the Colombo government by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), commonly known as the Tamil Tigers, and other few rebel groups, which were fighting to create an independent Tamil state named Tamil Eelam in the north and the east of the island. After a 26-year military campaign, the Sri Lankan military defeated the Tamil Tigers in May 2009.
The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, commonly known as the LTTE or the Tamil Tigers, was (and still may be) a separatist organisation formerly based in northern Sri Lanka. Founded in May 1976 by Velupillai Prabhakaran, it waged a violent secessionist campaign that sought to create Tamil Eelam, an independent state in the north and east of Sri Lanka. This campaign evolved into the Sri Lankan Civil War, which was one of the longest running armed conflicts in Asia until the LTTE was defeated by the Sri Lankan Military in May 2009. At the height of their power the Tigers possessed a well-developed militia and carried out many high profile attacks including the assassinations of several high-ranking Sri Lankan and Indian politicians including Sri Lankan President Ranasinghe Premadasa in 1993, and former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1991.
The Sri Lankan Civil War began on July 23, 1983, and quickly developed into an on-and-off insurgency against the Colombo government by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), commonly known as the Tamil Tigers, and other few rebel groups, which were fighting to create an independent Tamil state named Tamil Eelam in the north and the east of the island. After a 26-year military campaign, the Sri Lankan military defeated the Tamil Tigers in May 2009.
Thillaiyampalam Sivanesan (October 16, 1963 - May 18, 2009), also known by his nom de guerre, Colonel Soosai, was the head of the Sea Tigers, the naval wing of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. He was killed by the Sri Lankan Army on May 18, 2009. Image taken by Isak Berntsen and released into the Public Domain.