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Marcus Ulpius Traianus (53-117), more famously known as Trajan, was born in the province of Hispania Baetica in 53 CE, to a non-patrician family. He rose to prominence during Domitian's reign, and fought in numerous campaigns. He was adopted as Nerva's heir and successor in 97 CE, the emperor compelled to do so by the Praetorian Guard. Trajan became emperor in 98 after his predecessor's death.<br/><br/> Trajan is considered one of the greatest emperors of the Roman Empire, with the senate officially declaring him 'optimus princeps', or 'best ruler'. He was a highly successful soldier-emperor who led the greatest military expansion in Roman history, with the empire reaching its maximum territorial extent under his rule. He was also known for his philanthropic rule and extensive building programmes, reshaping Rome and leaving numerous landmarks behind.<br/><br/> His beneficent and prosperous reign earned him an enduring reputation that has survived throughout the centuries, and he has been deified as the second of the 'Five Good Emperors'. He died of a stroke in 117 after almost 20 years of rule, and was succeeded by his adopted heir Hadrian.
Trajan Decius (201-251 CE) was a distinguished senator and governor in the Roman Empire. When revolts and uprisings began occurring throughout the Empire in the last years of Philip the Arab's reign, Decius was sent to quell a revolt in the Balkan provinces of Moesia and Pannonia. After defeating the revolt, Decius was proclaimed Emperor by his troops, and he fought against and killed Philip in 249 CE, entering Rome and being recognised as Emperor by the Roman Senate.<br/><br/> As Emperor, Decius focused on defeating external threats to the Empire, as well as restoring public piety and strengthening the State religion, which involved the persecution of Christians as well as an Imperial edict declaring all citizens make a sacrifice for the Emperor and Empire every year on a certain day.<br/><br/> A renewed incursion by the Goths forced Decius to march and confront them in battle, alongside his son and co-emperor, Herennius Etruscus. During the decisive Battle of Abritus, Etruscus was killed early on by an arrow, and Decius was himself later killed on the field of battle, when his entire army was entangled and annihilated in a swamp. Decius and his son were the first two Roman Emperors to be officially recorded dying in battle against a foreign enemy, with Gordian III's manner of death still debated.
Marcus Ulpius Traianus, Trajan, was born in the province of Hispania Baetica in 53 CE, to a non-patrician family. He rose to prominence during Domitian's reign, and fought in numerous campaigns. He was adopted as Nerva's heir and successor in 97 CE, the emperor compelled to do so by the Praetorian Guard. Trajan became emperor in 98 after his predecessor's death.<br/><br/> Trajan is considered one of the greatest emperors of the Roman Empire, with the senate officially declaring him 'optimus princeps', or 'best ruler'. He was a highly successful soldier-emperor who led the greatest military expansion in Roman history, with the empire reaching its maximum territorial extent under his rule. He was also known for his philanthropic rule and extensive building programmes, reshaping Rome and leaving numerous landmarks behind.<br/><br/> His beneficent and prosperous reign earned him an enduring reputation that has survived throughout the centuries, and he has been deified as the second of the 'Five Good Emperors'. He died of a stroke in 117 after almost 20 years of rule, and was succeeded by his adopted heir Hadrian.
Trajan (18 September 53 – August 8, 117 CE) was Roman emperor from 27 January 98 CE – 8 August 117 CE. Officially declared by the Senate <i>optimus princeps</i> ('the best ruler'), Trajan is remembered as a successful soldier-emperor who presided over the greatest military expansion in Roman history, leading the empire to attain its maximum territorial extent by the time of his death.<br/><br/> Trajan is also known for his philanthropic rule, overseeing extensive public building programs and implementing social welfare policies, which earned him his enduring reputation as the second of the Five Good Emperors who presided over an era of peace and prosperity in the Mediterranean world.
Trajan Decius (201-251) was a distinguished senator and governor in the Roman Empire. When revolts and uprisings began occurring throughout the Empire in the last years of Philip the Arab's reign, Decius was sent to quell a revolt in the Balkan provinces of Moesia and Pannonia. After defeating the revolt, Decius was proclaimed Emperor by his troops, and he fought against and killed Philip in 249, entering Rome and being recognised as Emperor by the Roman Senate.<br/><br/> As Emperor, Decius focused on defeating external threats to the Empire, as well as restoring public piety and strengthening the State religion, which involved the persecution of Christians as well as an Imperial edict declaring all citizens make a sacrifice for the Emperor and Empire every year on a certain day.<br/><br/> A renewed incursion by the Goths forced Decius to march and confront them in battle, alongside his son and co-emperor, Herennius Etruscus. During the decisive Battle of Abritus, Etruscus was killed early on by an arrow, and Decius was himself later killed on the field of battle, when his entire army was entangled and annihilated in a swamp. Decius and his son were the first two Roman Emperors to be officially recorded dying in battle against a foreign enemy, with Gordian III's manner of death still debated.
The Scythians were an ancient Iranian people of horse-riding nomadic pastoralists who throughout Classical Antiquity dominated the Pontic-Caspian steppe, known at the time as Scythia. By Late Antiquity the closely-related Sarmatians came to dominate the Scythians in the west. Public Domain image by PHGCOM.
The Scythians were an ancient Iranian people of horse-riding nomadic pastoralists who throughout Classical Antiquity dominated the Pontic-Caspian steppe, known at the time as Scythia. By Late Antiquity the closely-related Sarmatians came to dominate the Scythians in the west. Public Domain image by PHGCOM.